The seventh chapter the rise of experimental tradition

The seventh chapter the rise of experimental tradition

Three great traditions of modern science

• Mathematical tradition (reproduction of Greek rational tradition)
  Isolated, atomized, fragmented analysis
• Experimental tradition
• Tradition of natural history

Two major themes caused by the scientific revolution

• Mechanization of the world landscape
• The mathematics and analysis of nature

Three sources of experimental tradition

• The tradition of mathematical analysis
• Alchemy Tradition
• Bacon tradition (new blogger tradition)

7.1 Mathematical traditions and alchemy traditional mathematical tradition of two experimental traditions

• Demo Experiment
• Thought experiment

Thought experiment: The potential experimental conditions are conceived in the inner heart, and the results can be reliably foreseen according to the previous daily experience. --Thomas Kuhn
As Galileo's weight light objects at the same time the thought experiment of landing
The atmospheric pressure experiment of Pascal, water pressure experiment

Alchemy Tradition

Rutherford, got the chemistry (?? ) Nobel Prize
Alchemy has subverted the clear boundaries of artificial and natural objects since Greece.
Alchemy is also to find the source of the world, alchemists believe that God is a chemist (a number of philosophers think that God is a mathematician)

Mathematical and scientific clues to the scientific revolution: Copernicus-Kepler-Galileo-Newton, Natural mathematics and mechanical nature
No fine illustrations, modern science is not going to make it.

Alchemy of Science Revolution (chemistry) Mysticism clues

• Natural spells
• Mysticism
• The number of the Secret doctrine

The main character of alchemy

• Paracelsus, Hohenheim (1493-1541), pharmaceutical chemistry
  Para (over) Celsus (encyclopedia-style scholar of the Greek period)
  To promote the utilitarian alchemy, to enhance the philosophical significance, to reproduce the Genesis process
  Paracelsus believes that the three elements of the human medieval function: sulfur, mercury, salt
  The combination of chemistry and medicine makes it a vast demand.
  Found zinc (known as inferior metal), formally named alcohol (alcohol)
  
  Three characteristics of Paracelsus School
  * Rebel against Aristotle and Galen's tradition, denying liquid doctrine, advocating three-factor theory (sulfur, mercury, salt-spirit, soul (for physical activity), body)
  * Emphasis on observation and experimentation, against bookishness (scripted)
  * Emphasizing chemistry over mathematics, valuing practicality, and neglecting the proof of abstract geometry
• Agricola (1494-1555), mineralogy
  "On metal", there are many illustrations of the European History of mining and metallurgy technology to do an encyclopedic summary

• Hermes Monte (1577-1644), philosopher of fire
  Fascinated by chemical experiments, the use of fire to achieve chemical processes was considered by him to be philosophical experiments. The alchemy was raised to a higher level.
  Distinguishes between air and gas.
  Soil originates from water (he believes all things originate from water), flask experiments: has been burned, there is scale, proof that the soil from the water, wood from the water, called soil, willow, willow grow up, the weight of the soil is basically unchanged, the heavy portion of wood close to the weight of the water poured 2333 (but, introduced, quantitative experiment!) haha

• Boyle (1627-1691), chemistry, makes chemistry truly a science
  Hired hooker, British physicist astronomer. The air pump was made for him by hooker.
  Chemist of suspicion, transforming chemistry into theoretical science, philosophy
  Boyle the elements into operational concepts (the previous elements are large, similar to China's Kanagi), which defines elements as things that cannot be broken down by chemical processes, distinguishes between blending and compounding, and reveals the difference between physical and chemical processes. Correctly evaluates the role of fire. The combustion experiments in the vacuum showed the importance of air to the combustion and the importance of air to biology.

Bacon tradition

• "Science is Power", intervene nature, change nature
• Bacon Science: systematic, accurate observation and discovery of new phenomena; extensive use of instruments

7.1 Mathematical tradition and Alchemy Tradition (experiment)

In modern science, experimental tradition originates from the tradition of bacon, mathematics, tradition and alchemy.
The mathematical tradition is formed because the development of mathematical science itself requires the demonstration of some kind of experiment (demonstration experiment and thought experiment)
The three elements in the human body are sulfur and mercury salts , which is Paracelsus's point of view.
Agricola is a German orz.

7.2 Bacon Traditional bacon Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

1605 "Academic Progress"
Make a call to conquer nature and transform nature.
1620 "New Tools"
Inductive method
1625 "New Big West Island"
is an optional novel that embodies the vision of bacon for the ideal society of the future.
During the Renaissance, one of the three great Utopia
Imagine an island nation where scientists rule over them. Then became the blueprint for the Royal Society's vision.

Characteristics of bacon tradition (new blogger tradition)

• To conquer nature, we must first know nature.
• Pay attention to systematic observation, recording and classification
• Use of a large number of scientific instruments

The bacon tradition was put forward by Thomas Kuhn.

The contradiction between mathematical tradition and experimental tradition in the development of physical science. --Thomas Kuhn "necessary Tension"
Electricity, heat and chemistry slowly formed in the 18th century, inheriting the bacon tradition.

Representative figures and disciplines of classical science

Copernicus, Descartes, Galileo, Kepler, Newton
Astronomy, history, optics, mathematics, Harmony
(These are the innovations of old science)

Representative figures and disciplines of bacon science

Gilbert, Boyle, Hooker, Franklin, Cavendish, Coulomb, Lavoisier, (Newton)
Electrical, magnetic, thermal, chemical, experimental philosophy

The mathematical tradition and the bacon tradition were separated before 19th century.

I have a cross like Newton.

Bacon's traditional representative characters and events

• William Gilbert (Magnetic)
  British royal scientist, court physician
  1600 "on magnetism" guess the earth is a big magnet. The concept of quality is presented, and the magnetic strength is proportional to the mass. Put forward the word electric.
  Agree with Heliocentric
• Magdeburg Hemisphere Experiment
  Magdeburg Hemisphere experiment is about the existence of vacuum
  Aristotle thinks the vacuum does not exist.
  Gueric, Mayor Magdeburg
  
• A new World under the microscope
  Galileo discovered the insect's compound eye.
  Marbiki (Italy) found a capillary that explained the blood circulation
  Column Leeuwenhoek (Italy) found a single-celled organism, confirmed the blood circulation, found red blood cells, bacteria
  Hooker 1665 "Microscopic", the first cell cells word

Two major fields of bacon science in the 18th century

• Study of Fire-fire science (thermal, optical, electrical)
  Introduce the concept of quantitative flow, quantitative research, the concept of conservation. Homogeneous units.
• Gas Research-Gas science

Hot

The essence of measurement is to turn invisible things into visual
1702 Frenchman Amundon improved the thermometer of Galileo
1714 Germans Fahrenheit using mercury instead of alcohol as a temperature-measuring substance, the temperature of Fahrenheit was raised.
1742 Swedish astronomer Desmond establishes degrees Celsius (boiling point of water 0 degrees, freezing points 100 degrees)
Massenbrock (Leiden bottle), pointing out the difference in temperature and heat (medieval scientists have known this, but never experimental measurement, just theory), the concept of heat capacity is a specific heat, proposed latent (temperature constant when the object's absorption exothermic).
People think that heat is an object, and how much heat determines the strength of the heat.
Geima says the quantitative study of the heat conservation phenomenon and the "fire" flow can be explained

Electric static

Gilbert found a charged body and a non-charged body
Gueric invented the friction-starting motor
In 1729, the monk of the British monastery, Gray, found that some objects could conduct electricity, while others could not. The charged body is non-conductive and electrically conductive.
Dufeigneux found that there is no difference between a charged body and an electrically charged body, and any object can be charged. It was further discovered that electricity has two different polarity, glass and resin electricity.
1745 Massenbrock, a professor at Leiden University, found that glass bottles could store a large amount of charge, a bottle that became a Leiden bottle. The appearance of the Leiden bottle is of great importance to electrostatics.
French Nolette performed a discharge comedy in Paris, and Louis 14 watched it personally.
Franklin, invented the lightning rod, found that the Thunder in the sky was the same as the electricity in the Leiden bottle. Further breaking the boundaries between heaven and earth. The concept of z-positive and negative charge was formally proposed.

Power Flow

Gamma: Discovery of gamma current (animal electricity) (Anatomical frog leg)
V-Dozen: It is proved that the gamma current is caused by two kinds of metal plus conductors, and the sequence of V-dozen is found, and the electric cone (different metal is stacked together) is formed, which lays the foundation for the study of the dynamic electricity.

Two electrostatic physicists

• Cavendish
  Invented the torsion of the law constant g of gravitation measurement.
  1777 proposed inverse square law of charge action
• Cullen
  Determination of the interaction between charges (independent from the Cavendish)

Burning problem

When chemistry becomes philosophical, the nature of combustion begins to get attention.

The theory of burning vegetarian

Fuel: flammable and separable substances
The synthesizer of the Burner is the German Starr. On the basis of atomic theory, Starr established the theory of gas-burning: Air only plays an auxiliary role in combustion, mainly taking away the gas.
The biggest problem with the gas-burning theory is the weight of the gas. Metal rust is also considered to be a burning gas, but the metal is more heavy after rusting. The theory of combustion has been recognized that wood burning and metal rust are the same process, but the gas is either positive mass or negative mass can not be determined.

Carbon dioxide

In 1727, the British botanist Hales published "Plant Statics", invented a variety of mobile phone gas methods, the most famous is the water surface collection method.
Blake found that the limestone burned to produce carbon dioxide, named fixed gas, found that people exhaled a lot of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

Pliester, "The History of electricity", invented "soda water", the founder of modern carbonated drinks. It is found that the gas produced by beer fermentation is "fixed gas". It is found that plant growth requires fixed air, while animals release fixed air. The Pliester column XX year collects a new gas, named as the degassing gas (he believes in the combustion of the vegetarian said). He is the first important person in oxygen.
Scheler in the experiment found "fire air", oxygen. It was written in 1775, but only a few years later it was published, losing the right to find oxygen. Drug poisoning died.
Lavoisier , one of the founders of modern chemistry, is the "burning oxygen doctrine" proposed by the author. Newton of the chemical world. The French Revolution was beheaded. In 1774, Lavoisier did a similar experiment with Mr Putin, heating tin and lead, and found that the quality of the ash increased, but the quality of the air decreased. A very sophisticated instrument to do it. Lavoisier keenly sensed that the decrease in the air and the increase in ash was the "degassing air" that pliester. Lavoisier realized that the process was not a process of detachment, but a process of compounding, in 1775, when he named the most of the gas as oxygen. It means to produce an acid air. In 1781, Lavoisier repeated the experiment of pliester, proving that water is a combination of combustible air (hydrogen) and oxygen. In 1783, Lavoisier founded the theory of oxidation, formally replacing the doctrine of burning. 1787 published the Chemical nomenclature for the first time, modern chemistry has a strict and unified scientific method for the nomenclature of substances. 1789 "The Chemistry Outline", has laid the chemistry concept, the principle, the reaction Formula Foundation. Since then, chemistry has been based on quantitative research. Mara was the revolutionary leader of the time and could have a grudge against Lavoisier. Lavoisier died in the darkness before the dawn.

7.2 Bacon Tradition (exercise)

The first single-celled organism was listed as Leeuwenhoek, and he further confirmed the blood circulation
The concept of quality is proposed by Gilbert, and it is believed that the strength of the magnetic force is proportional to the mass of the magnet
The essence of Magdeburg hemisphere experiment is whether the experimental vacuum exists
Capillaries are Marbiki through a microscope.

7.3 The development of natural History what is naturalist (Natural history)

The Natural history is not correct.

Natural history correspondence with Natureal philosophy

The most basic way of natural philosophy: to understand the world by grasping its origin. To establish a general and general principle
Natural History is the collection, classification and naming of the implementation.

Basic work of natural history: collecting facts, describing names, classifying and cataloging
The basic work of natural philosophy: looking for principles,

The general characteristics of Western traditional natural history the basic tradition of Western naturalist

Chain of existence the Chain of Being

Practical motive of modern natural history

• The use of natural forces (cattle, horses and other animals), such as the use of natural forces (in modern times, Europe 5 times times higher than China)
• Medicinal and edible value of animals and plants
• Geographical discoveries and the investigation of colonial natural resources

The steps of Natural history

• Unity of belonging and name
• Establishment of human classification system
• Establishing a natural classification system
• Evolution

Important achievements of modern natural history

December 1859 Darwin "Origin of Species". The mechanism of natural selection was not recognized at the time

Evolutionary Darwin's evolutionary problems

• The issue of religious criticism
• The Age of the Earth
• The problem of fusion genetic theory
  Mendel's theory has not been taken seriously, leading to unexplained genetics.

7.3 Development of Natural History (exercise)

Dee-Levy overthrew Gilbert's doctrine, and named the positive and negative charges as glass-electric and resin-electric
The hero of the Chemical Revolution, Newton in the chemical world is lavoisier.
The constant g of the gravitational force is determined by the British scientist, Cavendish.
The lightning rod was invented by Franklin.

From for notes (Wiz)

The seventh chapter the rise of experimental tradition