There are 166 phenomena in Psychology (a lot of them, don't read them once !) [1-19]

1. Archimedes and brewing Effect

In ancient Greece, the king made a crown of pure gold, but he suspected that the craftsman had mixed silver in the crown. But the problem is that the Crown is as heavy as the one that was handed over to the Kingsmith. No one knows whether the Kingsmith is playing tricks. The king handed over the problem to Archimedes. Archimedes tried a lot of ideas to solve this problem, but all failed. One day he went to take a bath while sitting in the tub, so that he could see the water flowing over and felt the body was gently held up. Then he suddenly realized that the problem was solved by the principle of buoyancy. Whether it is a scientist or an average person, in the process of solving the problem, we can find that "putting the problem aside for a while to get a satisfactory answer. Psychologists call it the brewing effect ". Archimedes discovered that the law of buoyancy is a classic story of brewing effects.

In our daily life, we often have no solutions to a difficult problem and don't know where to start. Then our thinking enters the brewing stage ". Until one day, when we put aside the questions we had before to do other things, the uncertain answer suddenly appeared in front of us, and we couldn't help but marvel at it like Archimedes, the "brewing effect" leads to the "flower of thinking" and the "fruit of the answer ". In Ancient Poetry, "the mountains are difficult to answer, and the villages are different. Psychologists believe that during the brewing process, there is a potential consciousness-level reasoning, and the information stored in the memory is combined in the subconscious. The reason why people suddenly find the answer while they are resting, it is because the individual has eliminated the psychological tension in the early stage, forgets the incorrect ideas that lead to deadlocks, and has a creative state of thinking. Therefore, if you are faced with a difficult problem, you may wish to put it aside for a walk or drink with your friends. Maybe the answer will be "no effort to break through your shoes ".

2. allenson Effect

It refers to the people or things that people like, reward, and praise for themselves. They do not like the people or things that appear to be decreasing.

[Experiment] Four groups of people give different comments to one person, so as to observe which group of people has the most favor. The first group always gives praise to it, the second group always denies negative loss, the third group first gets negative, and the fourth group gets negative.

[Results] after dozens of people in this experiment, we found that most people liked the fourth group most, but most people liked the third group.

[Application] The alensen effect reminds people that in daily work and life, they should try their best to avoid the reversal of others' bad impressions caused by their improper performance. Similarly, it reminds us to avoid being influenced by others and forming a wrong attitude.

[Instance]

1. Effective Use

Behind the dormitory, there was a rotten car parked. The children in the courtyard climbed into the carriage every seven o'clock in the evening. The sound of the noise was so loud that the adults were more and more busy, helpless. On this day, a person said to the children, "boys, we are playing the best prize toy pistol in this competition ." All the children are excited and competing to win the prize. The next day, the friend came to the front of the car and said, "Today, we will continue the competition. The prize is two milk sugar ." When many children saw their prizes go down, they were not happy. No one jumped, and their voices were thin and weak. On the third day, my friend said to the children, "Today's prize is two peanuts ." All the children jumped out of the car and said, "No, no, it's boring. I went home to watch TV ."

Analysis: in the case of "positive difficulties", the use of "reward progressive subtraction" can play a wonderful psychological effect.

2. counterexample

After graduating from college, Xiaogang was assigned a job in a unit. As soon as he entered the organizational unit, he was determined to perform well and actively, so as to leave a very good first impression to the leaders and colleagues. As a result, he takes the initiative to ask for overtime work every day in advance to fetch water from the unit, and asks him to work overtime on holidays. The tasks assigned by the leaders were obviously difficult and he was able to accept them.

Originally, the young people who have just taken up their jobs can hardly discuss themselves. However, the problem is that Xiaogang's performance at this time is far from its true ideological consciousness, consistent attitude towards human life, and behavior patterns, and is mixed with the components of "over-performing. Therefore, it is difficult to have long-term persistence. It wasn't long before Xiaogang went into the water, and the land was not dragged down. He was often late, and he chose to pick up the tasks assigned by the leaders. As a result, the impression of the leaders and colleagues on him has improved, and is even worse than that of the young people who were not performing well at the beginning. Because we already have a "high expectation and high standards" for him, we also think that his initial positive performance is "fake clothes ", "honesty" is the "core quality" that our society uses to assess a person ".

3. Implication

Implied effect refers to the influence of implicit and abstract indirect methods on people's psychology and behavior without confrontation, so as to induce people to act or accept certain opinions in a certain way, so that their thoughts and behaviors are consistent with the goals expected by the hint. Generally, children are more likely to accept hint than XXXXX. Language cues are commonly used in management. For example, the class teacher praises good behaviors in a group, which serves as a suggestion to other students. You can also use gestures, eye colors, hitting the table, pausing, increasing the volume or lowering the volume. Experienced class teachers often target certain shortcomings and mistakes of students. Choosing appropriate movies, TVs, and literary works is equivalent to watching and talking, or telling specific stories to students, can produce better results.

4 Antai Effect

Antai is a powerful god in ancient Greek mythology. His power is infinite and invincible. Because as long as he lean on the earth, he can draw infinite power from the mother of the Earth. When his opponent finds this secret, he is tempted to leave the ground and kill him in the air. Therefore, we must learn to rely on everyone and the collective.

5. Implication

The so-called "implied effect" is to exert an influence on others' psychology and behaviors in an implicit and indirect way, so that the implied person does not consciously act according to the suggestion ...... This is called "suggestion effect ". Children and adolescents are more likely to accept hint than XXXXX. In the course of music classroom teaching, teachers can improve the teaching effect by means of language cues, Action cues, expression cues, and self-suggestion.

Language hint-positive language can enable people to have positive emotions and change their negative attitudes. Therefore, teachers can consciously use languages such as "You are really smart" and "You must do" to cheer up their children, it also allows students to encourage each other, for example:

Collar: I'm great! (X) CROWD: You are great! (X)

Collar: You can do it too! (Xx X) Public: Me too! (Xx X)

Action suggestion-music is an invisible abstract art. Low-level students are more difficult to grasp the emotions and thoughts of music. At this time, action suggestion is particularly important. Teachers can use physical movements to imply that students can better understand music. For example, in terms of music emotions, teachers can use the left and right sides to gently swing their bodies to show soft-stretched music, and use a small nod to show cheerful and lively music.

Emoticons-there are many performances in music teaching in the lower section of primary school, including singing performances, rhythm performances, and musical instrument performances. They also include group performances, group performances, and individual performances. In these links, teachers should give full play to the role of expression suggestion. When students are performing performances, if the teachers are smiling at them, it is a great encouragement to the students. They can see the affirmation and praise in the eyes of the teachers. In the process of training students, you can use the motion hint of the Ke dayI gesture to give students a more intuitive understanding of the abstract pitch. When a class was learning the third sentence of the song "lovely flock of sheep", the "5" of the last sound was always missed. So when I sing these small festivals, I use gestures to make the melody high and low. When the last sound is "5", my hands move up and down, the students naturally sing in place, and they will be able to master it after several times.

Self-suggestion: teachers also need to educate students to learn self-suggestion, so that students can better exert their autonomy in the music learning experience. Some students encounter "miserable! Miserable !" "That's hard !" Such as self-suggestion, the learning is stuck with anxiety, thus interfering with normal levels. This kind of thinking habits will seriously impede the effect of teaching. Therefore, teachers must let students learn positive self-suggestion and think that they can do it.

In addition, the instructor's classroom presentation is an objective and real attitude suggestion, embodied in the teacher's mental state and the degree of investment in the performance of music works.

6. Placebo Effect

A placebo is a drug-like preparation made of neutral substances that have no efficacy and no side effects. Placebo mostly consists of glucose, starch, and other non-pharmacological inert substances. Placebo produces a good positive response to patients who are eager for treatment and who are fully trusted by medical staff, and the desired efficacy is called a placebo effect. People who are prone to corresponding psychological and physiological reactions when using placebo, known as "placebo ". This kind of person is characterized by: good contact with people, dependency, suggestion, lack of self-confidence, regular attention to their various physiological changes and discomfort, suspicious tendencies and nervousness.

7. Baram effect (implied effect)

A friend once asked me what is the most difficult in the world. He shook his head when I said it was the hardest to earn money. What do we think about godebach? He shook his head again. I said I gave up. Tell me. He knows yourself mysteriously. Indeed, this is also true for those thoughtful philosophers.

Who am I, where I am from, and where I want to go? These questions have been asked by people since ancient Greece, but no satisfactory results have been produced.

However, even so, people never stop pursuing themselves.

Because of this, people often get lost in themselves, are easily hint by the information around them, and take others' words and deeds as a reference for their own actions. herd psychology is a typical proof.

In fact, people are constantly influenced and hinted at by others in their lives. For example, on a bus, you may find that a person yawns with a wide mouth, and several people around him can't help but yawn. Some people do not yawn because they are not suggestive. Who are strongly suggestive? It can be checked out through a simple test.

Let a person stretch out his hands horizontally, his palm is facing up, close his eyes. He told him that his left hand was tied with a hydrogen balloon and he kept moving up; his right hand was tied with a big stone and fell down. Three minutes later, look at the gap between his hands. The larger the distance, the more suggestive.

Knowing yourself is psychologically called self-perception. It is a process in which an individual understands himself. In this process, people are more likely to be hinted at by external information, resulting in self-perception deviation.

In daily life, it is impossible for people to reflect on themselves every moment, nor to always put themselves in the position of outsiders to observe themselves. Because of this, individuals can use external information to recognize themselves. When an individual understands himself, he or she is easily indicated by external information, so that he or she often cannot perceive himself correctly.

The Study of psychology reveals that people can easily believe that a general and general description of personality is especially suitable for them. Even if such a description is empty, he still thinks it reflects his personality. Some psychology once used a general term that was almost applicable to anyone to let college students determine whether they were suitable for themselves. As a result, most college students thought that this section described themselves as meticulous and accurate. The following is a piece of material used by psychologists. Do you think it is suitable for you?

You need to be liked and respected by others. You have a tendency to criticize yourself. You have a lot of capabilities that can become your strengths, but you also have some shortcomings, but you can generally overcome them. It is difficult for you to compare with XXXXX. Although the appearance is calm, you are worried. You sometimes doubt whether your decisions or things are correct. You love some changes in your life and hate being restricted. You are proud to be able to think independently. You will not accept others' suggestions without sufficient evidence. It is unwise for you to reveal yourself too openly in front of others. Sometimes you are extroverted, friendly, and communicative, while sometimes you are introverted, cautious, and silent. Some of your ambitions are often unrealistic.

This is actually a hat suitable for anyone.

When commenting on his performances, a famous acrobatics named shauman Baram said that he was very popular because the program contained a favorite ingredient, so he made "every minute someone is cheated ". People often think that a general and general description of personality is very accurate to reveal their own characteristics. This kind of tendency is known as the "Baram effect" in psychology ".

A psychologist gave a group of people the Minnesota multi-personality checklist (Matrix I) and asked the participants to determine which one was their own result. In fact, one is the result of the participants themselves, and the other is the result of average answers from the majority. Participants thought that the latter was more accurate in expressing their personality traits.

The Baram effect is common in life. In terms of fortune teller, many people have consulted the fortune teller and thought that the fortune teller said "very accurate ". In fact, those who turn to fortune tellers themselves have the characteristics of being easily hinted. When a person is depressed or frustrated, his or her life is out of control. Therefore, his or her sense of security is also affected. The psychological dependence of a person who lacks security is also greatly enhanced, and the suggestive nature is stronger than usual. In addition, fortune teller is good at understanding people's inner feelings and a little able to understand the feelings of the helper, the Helper will immediately feel a kind of spiritual comfort. Mr Fortune Teller will be convinced by the common and irrelevant words

8. Balin Effect

A famous saying comes from Mr. Balin, the circus manager: Every minute a dumb is born ." The Balin effect "explains why some constellation or zodiac books can" accurately "indicate someone's character. The reason is that the words used to describe the character are actually "common" or basically applicable to most people. In other words, the applicability of those words is so vague that they are often "not said. For example, Aquarius is rational and free-loving, while cancer is emotional and loving. However, cancer people will never be rational. does Aquarius people lack love? We do not deny the value of the existence of a constellation. After all, it has a statistical basis. But if you want to be a smart person and do not believe in the constellation, I have to tell you that you are wrong again! Do you know what it is called "being drunk? Since more than half of the people around you believe in the constellation, why are you trying to overturn the idea rooted in your heart (which is not actually possible )? If a pair of couples do not match well in constellation, even if they are not superstitious, their psychology will inevitably bear a great deal of pressure. In the future contact time, if there is a conflict and friction, the "originally inappropriate" preset will be forced to be established, and ultimately it is hard to escape the fate of breaking up!

9. Halfway Effect

The half-way effect is a negative effect on the target behavior caused by the interaction of psychological and environmental factors when the incentive process reaches the half-way effect. A large number of facts indicate that the suspension period of a person's target behavior mostly occurs near "halfway, it is an extremely sensitive and vulnerable active area near the midpoint of a person's target behavior process. There are two main reasons for the half-path effect: one is the rationality of the target selection, the more unreasonable the target selection, the more likely the half-path effect, and the other is the willpower of the individual, people with weaker willpower are more likely to have a half-way effect. This requires the class teacher to pay more attention to learning all aspects of knowledge, cultivate various capabilities, and at the same time pay more attention to the training of willpower. Behavior experts have proposed the "big goal, small step" method, which has positive significance to prevent the occurrence of the half-path effect.

10 Bell Effect

The British scholar bell is extremely talented. It is estimated that he will win multiple Nobel prizes if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation. However, he willingly took another path to propose pioneering topics and guide others to the scientific peak, which is called the bell effect. This effect requires the leader to have the spirit of bole, ladder, and greenfield. In the cultivation of talents, the great business of the country and the nation should be taken as the priority, and the unit and the collective should be the first, with a bright eye and knowledge, allow talents, dare to promote and appoint people with better abilities, and actively create opportunities for talented subordinates to stand out from the crowd.

11 Berner Effect

The British scholar Berner is diligent and talented. If he has been studying crystalline or biochemistry for a lifetime, he is likely to be awarded the Nobel Prize. But he is willing to take another path-building a cloud ladder for others, proposing ground-breaking issues and guiding others to the scientific peak, this was called the Berner effect by scientists ". As a class teacher, he may not necessarily have the talent of Berner or be an expert or scholar in a certain discipline. However, compared with students, he has a certain advantage in some aspects. As long as the class teacher gives full play to and uses his own advantages, he can gradually cultivate a wide range of students' interests and hobbies, and further stimulate students' thirst for knowledge, so as to promote students' faster progress, produce the effect of "being blue but better than blue.

12 Bay rules

The first stimulus can alleviate the second small stimulus, that is, the "bei Bo regular ". Experiments show that people are sensitive to the rise in newspaper prices by 50 yuan or the rise in bus tickets from 200 yuan to 250 yuan, but if house prices increase by 100 or even 2 million yuan, people do not think that the increase is huge. The more people are stimulated at the beginning, the slower they will be. The "Bay rules" are often used in personnel changes or organizational restructuring in business operations. If a company wants to get rid of people who are regarded as being blind, it should first conduct large-scale personnel changes or layoffs on departments unrelated to these people, so that other employees can get used to this impact. Then, in the third or fourth case of personnel changes and layoffs, the target will be directed at the original target. Many people have been numb to the first impact.

13 bymalong Effect

The evaluation subject underestimated the ability of the evaluated person, and determined that the evaluated person was unmotivated and had poor behaviors. As a result, the evaluated person internalized this idea and promoted the evaluated person to show bad behaviors.

14 Peter's principles

Peter works by American scholar Lawrence? Peter came to the conclusion after studying the phenomena related to personnel promotion in the Organization. In various organizations, due to his habit of promoting and promoting competent personnel of a certain level, therefore, employees tend to be promoted to an incompetent position. Peter's principle is sometimes referred to as "crawling up. This phenomenon is everywhere in real life: a competent Professor cannot be competent after being promoted to a university principal; a good athlete is promoted to an officer in charge of sports without doing anything. For an organization, once a considerable part of the Organization's staff is pushed to its incompetent level, it will result in a float and inefficient organization, leading to mediocre people and stagnant development. Therefore, this requires a change in the employee promotion mechanism simply "depending on contribution". It is impossible for a person to do well at a certain position level, it can be inferred that this person is qualified for a higher level of role. A scientific and reasonable personnel selection mechanism should be established to objectively evaluate the competence and level of each employee, and assign the employee to a qualified position. Do not regard job promotion as the primary reward method for employees. A more effective reward mechanism should be established, and salary increases, vacations, and other methods should be used as incentives. Sometimes, promoting an employee to a position where the employee cannot make full use of his talents is not only a reward to the employee, but also a loss to the Enterprise. Psychological Analysis: for individuals, although each of us is looking forward to continuous promotions, we should not take the climb up as our only motivation. Rather than finding a position that is not fully qualified to support and be at a loss, it is better to find a position that can be easily used to give full play to your expertise.

15 Marginal Effect

Sometimes referred to as marginal contribution, it means that when a consumer increases one unit of consumer goods in succession, the Unit utility is gradually decreasing (although the total utility is still increasing ). For example, if someone gives you a cage of Steamed Stuffed Bun when you are very hungry, you must feel that the first steamed stuffed bun is the best. The more you eat, the smaller the satisfaction that a single Steamed Stuffed Bun brings to you, until you eat it, the other steamed stuffed bun has no effect. Marginal effects are widely used. For example, the demand rule in economics is based on this, that is, the more users buy or use commodities, the lower the cost it is willing to pay for the unit of goods (because the utility of the purchased goods is reduced ). Of course, there are also a few exceptions. For example, those who are addicted to alcohol are more and more happy, or those who collect a set of Cultural Revolution stamps from philatelic fans, then the last stamp collected in this set has the largest marginal effect. By understanding the concept of marginal effect, you can try to use it in real life. For example, if you are the company's management, you need to raise your salary for employees, the effect of adding 1 K to a 3 K monthly salary is generally 1 K higher than that of a 6 K monthly salary, which may be equivalent to the increase of 2 K for a 6 K monthly salary, therefore, it seems that increasing the monthly salary for low-income people is more advantageous for the company. In addition, it seems that increasing the salary is often used to maintain the enthusiasm of employees. After the first 1 K salary increase, the employees were very excited and greatly increased their work enthusiasm. The second salary increase was 1 K, which was very excited and increased some work enthusiasm. The third salary increase was 2 K, a little excited, may increase enthusiasm for work. The fourth time ......, until the salary increases, there will be no effect. To avoid this situation, if you want to achieve the same effect as the first increase of 1 K, the second increase may require 2 K, the third request requires 3 K ......, you can also use other incentive measures. For example, you can arrange for the second time to participate in career development training, and the third time you can promote your position. Although you may want to spend some time, you may want to use different methods, to achieve better results. The study of economics is also very interesting, but for many people, IT industry cannot have both sides.

16. Diminishing marginal benefits

The decline in marginal benefits is a basic concept of Economics. It refers to a resource-invested enterprise. The effectiveness of unit resource investment on product output is constantly decreasing. In other words, that is, although the total output is increasing, the second-order reciprocal is negative, which slows down the growth rate, making it eventually peak and possibly decline.

The most obvious interpretation is a non-linear function, such as a quadratic curve.

In our life, we can see many examples: give you a cute and many, you are happy to think that you have made a profit, and the next is the second ...... But if you keep giving it to you, you will feel disgusting. There are two reasons for this: 1. You are full, and you don't need it physically. 2. You are tired of eating, and the stimulation is enough. You want to have a chance to express yourself as "boss, how are you doing ?" The so-called "new officers" talk about the same principle: when we first came, we had to get familiar with each other, so we tried our best. After a long time, it will fade. The general textbooks explain the mysterious psychology and sociology.

If we create a ing to make all kinds of functions comparable (for example, we define that running faster is better than running steadily, which is not meaningless. The competition is just an example ), in a time series, inputs and outputs (and cumulative inputs and outputs) can be used as models. The above two examples show that this concept can be understood as two features: 1. T = 0 is much larger than T-> infinite (this is the image of a sequential function ). 2. T-> T and T-> T + 1 do not change much in T-> infinity (this is the first order of the image ). The former indicates that the overall trend is decreasing, and the latter indicates that the decline speed is slowing down.

We can think about it. The progressive reduction of Marginal Utility is a ubiquitous rule. You thought about level 4, so I found this book and started from a. That's good. I'll finish it later (of course, originally, there were not many people in a. I am such a person), then B, and then ...... B Part2, then the concept of B Part 2 1/2... series has been applied. Of course, you can choose to start back from Z (of course, I am also such a person ). It can be seen that inputs and outputs share the same concept. As inputs require outputs, the inverse of declining marginal benefits is still applicable. We can extend the concept of leaving utility. Let's take a look at the actual problem: cleaning the room yesterday and finding that the previously wiped table is grayed out again. It looks no different from a small bracket next to it. In fact, I was not in Nanjing when the latter was put into beauty last time ...... How long is a process from being clean to growing fast, but from being dirty to being dirty? How long is it to count on the archaeological team? (Although there are also some comments) you can think of a lot of things, such as being humane, "What you lose is true ".

How can we use this rule? The explanation of economics is the optimal allocation of resources. Too much investment makes the final profit spread too thin. Good things have limits. Science and engineering know that the so-called advanced operations are thankless to some extent, and the most effective is often the basic operations. More advanced is of course some mathematical games. However, I think the origin of this phenomenon is definitely a philosophical question, that is why we have made progress and developed. If the marginal benefits increase, do we still need innovation? Do we still need to stick to it? Comrades, you can love more than enough. No, just cool water! The word charm is meaningless forever.

17. Ripple Effect

In a Learning Group, when teachers put pressure on influential students, impose punishments, and adopt methods that damage their personality, such as sarcasm and sarcasm, it will lead to confrontation between teachers and students and resist, some students may even make trouble on their own. At this time, the influence of teachers often drops or disappears because these students are more attractive in the group. This effect has a profound and adverse impact on students' learning, moral development, psychological quality, and physical and mental health.

18 bridan maonu Effect

In the decision-making process, this uncertain and uncertain phenomenon is called the "bridan Maud effect"

19 not worth the law

The most intuitive expression of the Law of not worth is that it is not worthwhile to do things that are not worth doing well. It seems that this law is no longer simple, but its importance is always overlooked. The law of not worth reflects people's psychology. If a person is engaged in something he thinks is not worth doing, he will always be cynical and perfunctory. Not only is the success rate small, but even if it succeeds, it will not feel much sense of accomplishment. What is worth doing? Generally, this depends on three factors. 1. values. We have talked a lot about the values. We can do it with enthusiasm only when it meets our values. 2. Personality and temperament. If a person does a job that is totally different from his personality, it is very difficult for him to do a good job. For example, a person who has a good relationship becomes an Archive Clerk, or a shy person has to deal with different people every day. 3. Real situation. The same job is done in different situations, which gives us different feelings. For example, in a large company, if you are initially engaged in a complex job, you may think it is not worthwhile. However, once you are promoted to a foreman or department manager, you don't think so anymore. Psychological Analysis: What is worth doing is to meet our values, fit our personality and temperament, and let us see our expectations. If your job does not have these three factors, you need to consider a more appropriate job and strive to do it well. Therefore, for individuals, they should select one of the various optional goals and values and then strive for it. "Select what you love, love what you choose" can stimulate our perseverance, and we can feel at ease. For an enterprise or organization, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of its employees and allocate work properly, for example, employees who wish to achieve a higher degree of success can take the lead or take the lead to complete the work that has certain risks and difficulties, and give them regular affirmation and praise when they are completed; allow the staff with strong attachment to participate in the same job as XXXXX In a certain group, and the employees with strong power to serve as competent personnel compatible with their abilities. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the employee's sense of recognition of the company's goals, so that employees can feel the work they have done is worthwhile, in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees.