What are the principles to be followed in the case of computer faults?

Precautions for hardware maintenance: 1. After a power failure, the components in the bin can be disassembled. 2. Pay attention to releasing static electricity on your hands to avoid damage to the motherboard. Devices that support hot swapping In a normal computer,Both USB (Universal Serial Bus) Interface Devices and IEEE 1394 Interface Devices can achieve hot swapping.The hot swapping components on the server include hard disk, CPU, memory, power supply, fan, PCI adapter, and nic. Bytes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hard Disk-do not shake The computers with hard disks cannot be transported to a certain place. Pay attention to prevent large vibrations. The hard disk is a complex mechanical device installed in a computer and has limited tolerance. A large vibration will cause the head component to hit the disk, causing the hard disk reading and writing head to cut the disk surface, which may damage the disk surface and potentially damage data on the hard disk (your painstaking efforts !), Even more serious, it may damage the reading and writing headers, permanently making the hard disk unusable. Therefore, we must place the reading and writing headers in the disk's security zone before moving them; in the process of moving them, we must be light; if we plan to use a car to transport them, it is best to place it in the back of the carriage; if it is by mail, please wrap it well. Motherboard-avoid static electricity and Deformation Static electricity may damage BIOS chips and data on the motherboard, damage various MOS transistor-based interface door circuits, they are bad, all "users" (boards or devices inserted on it) unable to find each other, because their connection relies on the bus, control chipset, and control circuit for coordination and implementation. Therefore, we should try to wrap the motherboard With soft and anti-static items. When you touch it with your hands, you should first touch the conductor so that the static electricity on your hands can be released, and then put it lightly. In addition, the deformation of the Main Board may cause the circuit board to break and the components to be unsoldered. The line on the main board is very tight. If it breaks, you cannot find it. Therefore, when carrying the motherboard, try not to put other items on the motherboard, it is best to put it in the motherboard box to carry; when installing the motherboard, be sure to carefully install it on the chassis, do not set the height to low. when inserting a video card, sound card, or other cards, make sure that the pressure is moderate and balance the power. Memory-do not overclock Because the memory is directly related to the CPU, the memory is the most difficult bottleneck to solve for CPU speed-up. The higher the external frequency, the faster the operation. At the same time, because the memory needs to work under the same external frequency of the CPU, when the CPU overclock, whether the memory is consistent with the external frequency, it is the key to success over-frequency. The most important thing is that once the overfrequency fails to reach the desired frequency, black screen or even hot damage may easily occur. CPU-High Temperature and High Voltage Although the CPU has a small fan protection, the heat generated by the increase of the consumed current also increases, so that the CPU temperature will rise. High temperature easily causes electronic migration of internal lines, leading to frequent computer crashes, shortening the CPU life, high voltage is even more dangerous, and it is easy to burn your CPU. Prevent the occurrence of the above situation, the method is to install Auxiliary Heat Dissipation fan, the heat dissipation fan should be kept clean, regular preventive maintenance; thunder and rain, do not open the computer, and the computer power plug dial; use a voltage regulator; do not increase the kernel voltage whenever possible to help overclock, because this is not worth the candle. Optical Drive-the most dust-free, vibration-free, and poor Optical Disks When the optical drive encounters a slow or non-reading speed, it is mainly caused by a problem with the laser head. In addition to the limited lifetime of the laser head, the pervasive dust is also the main factor affecting the life of the laser head. Dust not only affects the reading quality and service life of the laser head, but also affects the precision of various mechanical components in the optical drive. Therefore, it is particularly important to keep the optical drive clean. For the mechanical parts of the optical drive, the cotton swab alcohol can be used to wipe, but the laser head can not use alcohol and other detergents, you can use the airbag at the laser head to blow off the dust. As we can see from the above, dust is the "killer" of the laser head, but the vibration will also make the bald head "Hitting the disc", damage the bald head. Therefore, when we first select the optical drive, the vibration size is also an important reference element. At the same time, when installing the optical drive, try to tighten the screws on both sides of the optical drive so that it is fixed on the chassis, it can also reduce its vibration. In addition, the coarse and inferior discs are also the enemy of the optical drive, which will increase the burden of the head servo circuit, accelerate the wear of the movement, and accelerate the aging of the laser tube. I don't know whether you believe it or not. The popular dvcd on the market is the most dangerous enemy of the optical drive, because it is much closer to the standard point of the general optical drive, the optical drive is just as difficult as a myopia to read the small text, maybe one day it will be "blind ". Keyboard-do not use moisture, dust, or drag Currently, most keyboards use plastic film switches, which are composed of three-line plastic films. The middle part is a insulating film with holes. The films on both sides are plated with metal wires and contacts, damp corrosion, dust contamination will make the keyboard contact poor contact, the operation is not working. In this case, you should carefully open the back cover of the keyboard and use a brown brush or a vacuum cleaner to clear the dirt. Drag and Drop to easily break the keyboard and cause a keyboard fault. Therefore, we should try to keep the workplace clean and tidy, especially on the side of the keyboard; do not smoke near the computer; do not eat near the keyboard; do not put the cup of water near the keyboard; do not plug or unplug the keyboard with power; regularly use pure alcohol to scrub the keyboard; when using the keyboard, do not drag the keyboard as much as possible; when not using the keyboard, cover the protective cover. Mouse-dust, glare, and pull Nowadays, most people still use trackball-based mouse, which is cheap and easy to use, but the biggest problem is dirty, dust on the ball and the roller will make the mouse mechanical components not working properly. In addition, strong light will interfere with the reception of signals from the optical and electrical tube. Pulling the mouse will also break the mouse tail and cause the mouse to malfunction. Therefore, we need to regularly clean the mouse ball and scroll; try to use a special mouse pad, regularly clean the mouse pad, the mouse pad should be selected according to different materials different detergents, can use water to solve the problem best; avoid opening or using the mouse in the sun. Display-high temperature, high pressure, and so on The display is the interface for communicating with people. It is also the largest power-consuming computer system and the most vulnerable component. It is the most avoid impact, high temperature, high pressure, dust, high brightness and contrast, etc., because the picture tube is very precise, instant impact will damage it, easy to happen such as broken filament, split pipe neck, air leakage and other problems; high temperature is easy to make the power switch tube damaged, the higher the temperature of the switch tube is more likely to break down and damage, so its heat sink is very large; dust is easy to make high voltage circuit fire. High Brightness and contrast will reduce the lifetime of the phosphor, so that the display will be "faceless" in less than a few years, the color is gloomy. Therefore, when using a computer, do not boot or shut down frequently as far as possible, because the filament of the picture tube has little cold resistance, and the impact current is very large when it is just started. Frequent boot is not conducive to protecting the filament, in addition, it has an extreme impact on the Yin of the imaging tube. To avoid direct sunlight and high-intensity electro-optic radiation on the display, because they will increase the temperature of the display and accelerate the aging of the display tube, when the monitor is not in use, please use a cover; if you do not need it for a long time, you should regularly power on the tide to prevent sudden startup of High-Pressure Fire, resulting in component burning fault; the display should be placed in a place with good ventilation and heat dissipation, and other items should not be placed in the middle hole on the top.   Computer troubleshooting-"before and after October" Compared with other electrical products, computers are prone to such faults. Computer failures are a headache for many computer enthusiasts. How can we deal with and solve the computer faults we encounter? Here I have summarized and written a "first eight after eight" rule in computer maintenance to attract readers -- 1. First investigate and then become familiar Whether it is to repair your computer or another person's computer, you must first find out the computer usage and previous maintenance conditions in case of a fault in order to remedy the problem. In addition, you should know the software and hardware configurations and years of use of your computer before performing maintenance on your computer. Instance resolution ―― For example, if the first version of the pwin98 system is used, the system crashes frequently and the "invalid * operation" prompt increases frequently, which is annoying. The user wants to reformat the disk and reload the system. I don't think it is so troublesome. I carefully read the configuration of my computer and the installation of software and hardware, and used anti-virus software to check the virus ...... After inquiry, the user said that the new version of Internet Explorer 6 has been installed recently. Will it be poor compatibility between Internet Explorer 6 and its system? I try to uninstall the new version of Internet Explorer 6 in the "Add/delete programs" column. After the computer is restarted, the fault will not occur frequently. Therefore, such faults cannot be solved by removing the newly installed software, hardware, drivers, and DirectX. If they cannot solve the problem, they can be easily maintained. Ii. Out-of-the-box opportunities For computers with faults such as host or display failure, check the chassis and display external components first, in particular, do not consider some external switches, knob adjustment of external leads, socket with or without open circuit, short circuit, etc, practice has proved that many users' computer faults are caused by this. When the external parts are confirmed to be normal, open the chassis or display for inspection. Instance resolution ―― A fault occurs when the host is not on (the host fan is not switched) after a computer is moved. The user thinks that the host power supply is damaged for a long time, and the power supply is ready to be removed and replaced when the host power supply is turned on. I observe that the host and the monitor are connected with a power cord from the power outlet, and the display is normal. In this simple and easy principle, first change the power plug of the host to a power Jack. If the power plug is invalid, remove the normally used display power cord to connect the host and restore the host to normal. Connect the problematic cables to the monitor, which proves that the problem comes from the seemingly inconspicuous power cord (internal circuit breaker ). 3. Mechanical and Electrical For optical drives, printers, and other peripherals, first check whether there is a mechanical fault and then check whether there is an electrical fault is a general principle of computer maintenance. For example, if a CD drive does not read a disk, you should first identify whether it is caused by mechanical reasons (such as the head problem) or electrical faults. The electrical check is performed only when the rotating mechanism and bald head of each part are determined to be fault-free. Instance resolution ―― A single purchase of 40-speed optical drive for more than a year, the fault is that the disk cannot be read. After I took over the optical drive, I first took a look at the internal structure of the optical drive. This optical drive is a full steel structure, and generally there should be no serious mechanical conditions, the author is not eager to "Destroy" the bald head and increase the power of the laser head. When I put a disc into it, I carefully observed the rotation of the disc and the movements of the bald head to the parts, the advances and advances of the motor, and found that the rotation of the disc was basically normal, the advance and retreat of the motor are not too serious. On the contrary, when the bald head component is no-loaded or attached with a disc, it is very difficult to slide on the slider and turn off the power supply, I gently pushed a few bald head components with my hand to slide them on the rod, with a very obvious lag. At this time, I will focus on the observation of this drive slide, see the above should be white lubricants have changed to light black, get a strong place of light and even visible dense dust impurities, it's no wonder that sliding is not flexible. First clean the Lubricating Oil Containing Impurities on the sliding component with pure alcohol, then add new lubricating oil, and then try again to read the disk back to normal. 4. Software first and hardware later This is an important principle in computer maintenance. For example, if Windows software is damaged or lost, it may cause a crash. Because system startup is a step-by-step process, no errors may occur at any stage, if there is a corrupted execution file or driver, the system will be frozen here. However, problems with various computer components, poor contact with the plug-in interface, Hardware Device setup problems such as bios, whether the driver is complete, system compatibility, and the stability of hardware power supply equipment, as well as compatibility between components to prevent external crashes, it may also lead to computer hardware crashes. We should start from the soft aspect before considering the hard part during maintenance. Instance resolution ―― After a computer starts the self-check, it will display "No rombasic, system halted" Information on the screen, and the hard drive lights will also remain on and off. The cause of the hard disk bad track is ruled out. It is obvious that the boot program of the hard disk is damaged, and the system cannot find the hard disk and crashes. There are many ways to fix such faults. If you can use kv300, it can easily solve the failure of the hard drive boot area. The usage is very simple. You can refer to the kv300 instruction file and I will not talk about it here, if you do not have it, you can also use a floppy disk to start the computer and execute a special "fdisk/MBR" command in the pure DOS state, it can also overwrite the correct primary boot program and end ID in the primary boot area of the hard disk. However, you must note that this command is dangerous. 5. Clean and repair When checking the internal accessories of the chassis, you should first focus on checking whether the chassis is clean. If dust, dirt, Spider Network, excess solder and welding oil are found between the components, leads, wires, and golden fingers in the chassis, it should be cleared first and then inspected, which can reduce natural faults and achieve twice the result with half the effort. Practice has shown that many faults are caused by dirt and will often disappear automatically after cleaning. Instance resolution ―― After a computer opens the chassis and installs a new video card, a black screen is displayed after the computer is restarted, and the speakers in the computer make a continuous beep. Fault analysis: the speakers in the chassis send continuous tweets, which is a typical memory error. Although it is said that the memory stick may not be moved when the machine is split or the computer is moved, but the memory is a precision, and its enemy is dust, after using your computer for a period of time, it is likely that the chassis will be covered with a thin layer of dust, while the memory close to the CPU * is the biggest "victim", and the dust from the CPU fan, it is very likely that you have a thick layer of memory, a slight vibration dust may fall into the memory slot, causing local short circuit or poor contact, when the computer is started, an error is reported for the black screen and the speakers in the chassis. In this case, you must first check the memory installation. you can press the memory a few times before starting the system to see if the contact is getting better. If not; then you can remove the memory, first clean the dust on the memory surface, and then use a small fine brush to carefully clean the memory slot, then re-plug the memory to troubleshoot the fault. 6. First power supply, then Machine Power supply is the heart of machines and accessories. If the power supply is abnormal, it is impossible to ensure the normal operation of other parts, and there is no way to check other faults. Based on experience, the failure rate of the power supply is the highest among machines, and many faults are often caused by the power supply. Therefore, you can always get twice the result with half the effort by first repairing the power supply. Instance resolution ―― A 15-inch display has a non-grating, no image, and can hear the power supply issuing a clear "squeaking" sound. Fault Analysis: From the fault phenomenon analysis, it can be seen that the failure of the power circuit, line scanning circuit, and main load circuit is the cause of this problem. Because the power supply issued a "Squeak" that the switch power supply has been working, it indicates that the circuit of the switch transformer is basically normal. First, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage at the five output ends is normal. The result shows that the positive and extreme values of the power supply filter capacitor c117 are 0 V, while the normal values are about 5 V, which is obviously abnormal, this indicates that the peripheral circuit components are short or open. The method of measuring current is used to find that the l105 current is very small, and it is further suspected that there is a problem with the rectification diode vd106 in front of it. The replacement method is used to remove the fault after replacement. 7. First pass, then Special According to the common characteristics of computer faults, common faults with universality and regularity are first excluded, and then special faults are checked to gradually narrow down the scope of faults, from the aspect to the point, and shorten the repair time. Instance resolution-a fault occurs when a computer is powered on after the computer is restarted after the motherboard is changed but the system does not self-check the black screen of the monitor. Open the chassis, observe carefully, and find that the CPU fan is operating normally. After the power is turned off, carefully check the installation of the board, focus on re-installing the memory and graphics card, check the jumper of the motherboard, and confirm the correctness, the "minimum system" method is used to eliminate the fault and remove the connection lines such as the hard drive. Only the minimum system of the motherboard, CPU, memory, and video card is maintained. After the system is started, the system is successfully enabled. It will focus on checking the connection between the optical drive and the hard drive. When the above fault occurs again after the optical drive is good, is it because the optical drive is not good? The optical drive is connected to the ide2 bus interface separately. I found that, there is no anti-reverse convex block on the idewire connector used for the optical drive connection. Is it reverse? Take a closer look at the result. After the result is correct, the system starts up normally. 8. Peripheral, internal When checking important components of a computer or accessories, do not rush to replace or operate on its internal or important components, but check its peripheral circuit. When confirming that the peripheral circuit is normal, consider replacing accessories or important components. If you do not care about the problem, blindly replacing the accessories or important components can only cause unnecessary losses. The maintenance practice shows that the peripheral circuit or mechanical fault of accessories or important components is much higher than the internal circuit. Instance resolution ―― In a PC, the hard disk is in normal use, but after restarting the computer, the hard disk cannot be found, according to the computer * operator, this problem also occurred two days ago, but after a while I got it again. at work today, I restarted my computer normally, the system can no longer find the hard disk. When you open the chassis, you can see that the hard disk is a GB hard drive purchased three years ago. Because of the frequent dismounting, the * bei data looks very old. For this type of fault, you can first check the IDE hard drive line. If the new one is invalid, try to change the power plug and re-plug it. After the boot, the hard drive will be "suddenly" and then become normal! After installing the accessories, close the chassis and restart it. The strange thing is that the hard disk has disappeared ...... The hard disk cannot be used normally after so many times, but I only need to unplug the hard disk power cord several times, and then it can be restored to normal. Will it be caused by poor contact with the wiring bar in the hard drive power interface? Take down and observe, and there will be no rust or halogen. Use A multimeter to check the connection between the connection string and the solder joint on the hard disk circuit board. I found that a column (5 V) must be tight with a table pen before it can be turned on, excluding the surface oxidation of the terminal bar or solder joint virtual welding, the author spent 3 yuan to buy a power line adapter, cut the connector to peel out the copper wire, weld the power plug-ins of some hard drive power supply ports one by one on the solder joints of the circuit board. Plug the public headers of the power adapter into the power cord of the host and reboot the system, the PC has recovered its normal status. I did not get any benefit from my hard work, but I became more and more aware of my ignorance. !