Long win: Japan's longevity enterprise business

Constantly adapt to the situation of innovation, Japan's longevity enterprise vitality of the source. Long win article Tumbler type Enterprise characteristic the country with the largest number of long-lived enterprises in the world is Japan, the conclusion comes from the latest report of the Bank of Korea. The report said: There are 5,586 companies with more than 200 years in the world, including 3,146 in Japan, 837 in Germany and 222 in Holland and 196 in France respectively. and Japan more than 100 years of enterprises are up to 50,000.　　The Imperial Bank of Japan Investigation report also shows: Japan 1867 Meiji Restoration before the establishment of 2,879 enterprises, 100 years or more 24,000.　　The findings of the two agencies, though slightly different, are consistent: Japan has a large number of long-lived companies, and far more than any other country.　　In the increasingly fierce market competition today, the business environment is complex and changeable, business life as the product life cycle shrinking shorter, but many Japanese enterprises after a long period of time, their culture and business secrets worthy of our inquiry. Japan's long life enterprise to keep adapting to the innovation of the situation, is the lifeblood of Japan's longevity enterprises the large number of Japanese longevity enterprises, but most of them are not more than 300 of small and medium-sized enterprises, this ratio is close to 90%, others are like Mitsubishi, such as the international large enterprise groups. Japan's longevity business is mainly focused on food, cuisine, pharmaceuticals and industries related to traditional culture. And China's Tongren temple, the whole gathers Germany and other old brand very similar.　　There are a number of factors that allow them to survive: valuing Maxleaf, operating in good faith, penetrating the spirit of the craftsman, choosing heirs by blood, and operating conservatively. Japan longevity Enterprise's success gene Japan longevity Enterprise's management has the distinct characteristic. For example, the family-type longevity enterprise is the "eldest son succession system", which avoids the enterprise is "divided by the Philosophers" fate, to ensure the continued growth of enterprises.　　But there is also an important feature of this family inheritance, which is "to pass on the inheritance to outsiders and not to their own sons with low abilities." Then there is the controversial "lifetime employment System" and "annual work sequence System", which was once seen as the creator of the Japanese economic miracle, but it has been questioned in recent years. For the time being, regardless of its merits and demerits, only from the perspective of the enterprise longevity, Japanese enterprises to pursue the "staff as relatives, the staff of the enterprise-owned" "Family Society" concept, so that enterprises ups and individuals and families linked together, thus forming a destiny community.　　The enterprise is to some extent free from turbulence, to maintain stability, and can continue to consistent corporate philosophy and culture.　　However, those who can survive hundreds or even thousands of years of enterprise is not the same, constantly adapt to the situation of innovation is their vitality never exhausted source. In addition, these longevity enterprises have unique business training. These brilliant business training is the integration of Confucian culture and Western modern management concepts, but also the important part of longevity enterprise values. If asked, what is the secret of Japan's ancient river that was founded in 1875?, it is estimated that all the ancient river people will answer: "The other people have dug up again." "The 32nd generation of the King Kong King Kong Eight Lang set up the business training: diligent, sober, prudent, for people." There are many hundred years of business training, such as "depending on the customer for God, excellence, so can win the market": "delegate, pay attention to the faithful so can gather talent."　　The author thinks, Confucianism has very big influence to Japanese enterprise culture. The business model that makes them prosperous the Japanese longevity enterprise has been summed up as such a few business models: "Multi-angle business type", "Stick to Maxleaf type", "after the number changed back to the Maxleaf type", "Family business Type", "ZTE's ancestor Type", "Mergers and acquisitions".　　This paper focuses on the characteristics of the first three models. Multi-angle business model is most obvious in Japanese enterprises, which refers to those enterprises that expand their business to adapt to the changes of industrial structure and social situation, such as Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, etc. that we are familiar with.　　We take the Japanese cruise Company (hereinafter called the Day Mail) as an example, to see how the enterprise founded in 1885 after the war and the economic crisis, how to stand up again and again. During the Second World War, 103 ships were requisitioned by the army, all of which sank during the war. Without any compensation, the Daily Mail is on the verge of bankruptcy.　　But as the basic industry at that time, the Japanese ship was fortunate to receive a low-interest loan, and no boat available on the day, with this money and its experience in the cruise service, to the land to start operating restaurants, hotels. Until 1951, the day before the peak of container transport in the 60 's, the ship was officially restored to sea. But in the 80 's, the shipping industry again suffered severe winter, logistics began to switch to the aviation industry.　　The Japanese-mail-mail strategy is the same as it was 30 years ago-returning to land to open a business. In the middle of the 80 's, Toyota set up a factory in North America, the Japanese ship in the vicinity of the Toyota plant to build warehouses, in the warehouse storage of Toyota's tens of thousands of parts and products, but also from the factory to the seaport transport business, and gradually become the sea and land at the same time the cause of the "Integrated logistics enterprise."　　Today, the daily ship owned warehouse total area in the Japanese business community first, the logistics sector as the main source of income after shipping. Sticking to the MAXLEAF model is easy to understand. The establishment of these enterprises has always been to keep the line, it is the vicissitudes of history do not turn. Such enterprises such as Yoshinoya, entertainment companies pine bamboo, food companies can be fruit beauty and so on. To the United States as an example. Since 1899, the enterprise has always produced products related to tomatoes, which has become a major feature of the company.　　Its founder Crab Jiang first developed tomato sauce, after several failures were finally accepted by the market, followed by the introduction of tomato sauce, tomato chili oil and so on, to tomatoes as raw material products more and more. 2002, can be the fruit of the United States to buy "snow India and Europe", began to enter the lactic acid bacteria industry. This is because it learned that tomatoes contain red pigment ingredients, with anti-aging and antioxidant effect, the acquisition of "Snow Indo-Euro" is to put the tomatoesThe beneficial ingredients in combination with the immune system of lactic acid bacteria, the development of new beverages, still not out of the field of tomato processing. After the number of maxleaf enterprises are not a few, such as Nippon Steel Company, Yamaha and so on, they have experienced ups and downs, the final return to Maxleaf and get new life. Yamaha, the world's largest instrument manufacturer (founded in 1887), is one of the most typical examples.　　　　In addition to making musical instruments, it has gone through a "nightmare" of diversification, involving the whole kitchen, leisure and entertainment, skiing and tennis and other sports, semiconductors, film heads and other fields and industries.　　Itochu Two led Yamaha out of the nightmare-like multiplication stage, returning to music and musical instrument maxleaf. Since the middle of the 90 's, people have almost forgotten that this is a musical instrument company, once regarded it as "electronic parts manufacturers", such as many Chinese people think Yamaha is the production of motorcycles.　　These businesses blur the positioning of the Yamaha and have not achieved the expected results, leading to 1999 and 2000 consecutive deficits. Ito, who became president in 2000, began calling for the return of music and musical instruments to maxleaf and to promote the rebuilding of the system. These initiatives have made Yamaha a new life.　　For example, the semiconductor industry, which was once the cause of the crisis by leaving music, was revived by seizing the chance of a ringtone.　　* The author is the vice president of the Economics Institute of Hebei University and director of the Japan Institute of Hebei University.　　Enclosure: Why is Japan's century-old shop the most? Wen/Chen Zhenye, whether it is a business history or enterprise scale, Japan's longevity enterprises in the world are called the leader. They survived the war and fierce competition today. Why can Japan breed so many long-lived enterprises?　　To this end, Mattias, deputy researcher at the Japanese Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, accepted the manager's interview.　　"Manager": according to your experience, Japan has so many long-lived enterprises, the root cause? Mattias: First of all, historical and cultural factors. Japan's history has not experienced so many social unrest, so the enterprise development environment is more effective.　　Especially after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government vigorously nurtured the development of enterprises, the birth of a large number of chaebol-type enterprises, these enterprises later turned into modern companies. The second is their operating characteristics. For example, "corporate holding group, mutual holding", which is completely different from the European and American enterprises. European and American enterprises pay attention to shareholder benefits, as long as shareholders gain, enterprises can sell at any time. Enterprises in the hands of western capitalists like an egg, eggs mature can be sold.　　This is not the case for Japanese companies, which value employees and collective interests over shareholders. There is a "lifetime employment system" and "annual work sequence System", which is a special way of labor resource combination. These systems are to serve the long-term stability of the business strategy, to reduce the flow of labor to avoid corporate volatility.　　This is not like Europe and the United States to sell the business.　　Manager: You have studied Japanese companies for many years, what specific practices do they give you a very deep impression? Mattias: Equity ratioMore generally, Japan's six major groups (Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, etc.) are the same. There is also a long life of large enterprises have to ensure that the internal coordination mechanism. What I am impressed by is that Japanese companies have a very different attitude when they compete externally and internally.　　They compete externally, unlike Chinese companies that often compete for price or scramble for resources. Domestic competition in the Japanese market is relatively soft.　　Sony and Panasonic, for example, operate electrical appliances, in the formation of competition in the product, if the European and American enterprises will find ways to crush or mergers and acquisitions, but in Japan this situation is relatively small, they will not because of competition to destroy each other, will be in the product and function to form a difference, and finally have their own market.　　"Manager": Japan's longevity enterprises and China's old and what is the comparable place? Mattias: There is nothing comparable to personal feeling. In fact, China's old companies have experienced the state-run stage, the mechanism, operating consciousness and sense of crisis are not comparable with Japanese enterprises.　　The government's support for them over the years is great, but in addition to the few good companies such as the Tong Ren Tong, most of the others are hard to gain a foothold in the market competition.　　Manager: What do you think Chinese companies should learn most from them? Mattias: I think we should learn the business philosophy of Japanese Enterprises-the Enterprise Master "Family Society" concept, pay more attention to the interests of employees than shareholders, relatively speaking, this can make the enterprise long-term and stable operation. I personally think that this is more in line with China's culture and characteristics, the stability of enterprises will avoid social unrest.　　As for the need to avoid each other's shareholding and lifetime employment, this depends on the specific circumstances. Enclosure: There are many reasons for the longevity enterprise of LINKS Japan. But the Japanese longevity enterprises and the short-lived enterprises in Europe and the United States who do better, to see from what aspects to measure. Because Japanese and Western business philosophy is completely different. Japanese enterprises are the family society, pay attention to the interests of employees. The West attaches importance to shareholder interests. But in modern capital theory, the capital interest rate of Japanese enterprises is not necessarily as high as that of Western enterprises, which is also a hot issue in Japan in recent years.