Comparison of common large databases

Currently, commercial database management systems are dominated by relational databases, with mature technologies. Although the object-oriented database management system is advanced in technology and easy to develop and maintain, there are no mature products yet. Leading relational database management systems at home and abroad include Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and INGRES. These products support multiple platforms, such as UNIX, VMS, and windows, but the degree of support is different. In the following analysis, we will compare their platform support capabilities. IBM DB2 is also a mature relational database. However, DB2 is embedded in IBM's AS/400 series machines and only supports OS/400 operating systems.
Based on the selection of database management systems, we will compare and analyze the performance of these database management systems:
1. Oracle Database Management System

* Databases can be constructed based on actual system requirements without the requirement of paradigm.
* Standard structured SQL query language is used.
* It has rich development tools covering all stages of the development cycle.
* Large databases are supported. data types include numbers, characters, and binary numbers up to 2 GB.
Provides data support for object-oriented database storage.
* Development tools with the fourth generation of languages (SQL * forms, SQL * reports, SQL * menu, etc ).
* Features a character interface and a graphical interface for easy development. Oracle7. Version 1 has a surface
To the development environment cde2 of the object.
* Use SQL * DBA to control user permissions, provide data protection, and monitor Database
Run Status to adjust the data buffer size.
* Distribution Optimization query function.
* Data Transparency and network transparency, supporting heterogeneous networks and heterogeneous database systems. Parallel
The processing adopts the dynamic data sharding technology.
* Supports the client/server architecture and hybrid architecture (centralized, distributed,
Client/Server ).
* Implements two-phase submission and multi-clue query.
* Supports multiple system platforms (HPUX, SunOS, OSF/1, VMS,
Windows, Windows/NT, OS/2 ).
* Data security protection measures: no locks are read, and points are completely eliminated through snapshot snap.
Conflicts between the cloth and read/write. Automatically detects deadlocks and conflicts and resolves them.
* The data security level is C2 (highest level ).
* The internal model of the Database supports multi-byte code and multi-language text encoding.
* Management Information System and Financial System Application System for Manufacturing Systems.
* Oracle7. Version 1 server supports-users.
Workgroup/2000 has an oracle7workgroup server,
Power objects (graphical development environment, supporting OS/2, UNIX, Windows/NT platforms.
* Sales share in China accounts for more than 50%.

2. Sybase 10 Database Management System
The Sybase Database System was developed in November 1992 and has been developed for 12-24 months. The products include SQL Server 10 (the core of the database management system ), replication Server, backup server, omini SQL gateway ), navigation server (an extensible parallel processing server on the network) and Control Server (a database administrator server ). It is a client/server architecture that provides mutual access to database data on nodes in the network environment.
The technical features of the sybase database management system are as follows:

* The complete client/server architecture can adapt to OLTP (on-line
Transaction Processing) is required to provide high performance requirements for hundreds of users.
* Single-process multi-clue (single Porcess and MULTI-THREADED)
Technology for queries, saving system overhead and improving memory utilization.
* Supports stored procedures. You only need to send execution requests over the network.
This effectively speeds up database access and significantly reduces network traffic,
It may greatly improve the running efficiency of the network environment and increase the service capacity of the database.
* The virtual server architecture is fully integrated with the symmetric multi-processor (SMP) technology.
High Performance of the hardware platform with multiple CPUs.
* The Database Management System DBA adjusts and monitors the performance of the database system online.
* Provides images of logs and databases to improve database fault tolerance.
* Supports fast failover in the cluster environment.
* Data integrity is restricted by the server through storage and trigger.
* Multiple security mechanisms are used to authorize tables, views, stored procedures, and commands.
* Distributed Transaction Processing uses 2 PC (two phase commit) technology for access
* Supports image and text data types, which are engineering databases and multimedia applications.
It provides a good foundation.

Sybase development tools include:

Data workbench
* Visual Query languange (Graphic Query Language)
* Report workbench (Report System)
* Interactive SQL (interactive SQL environment)
* Data Entry (Quick data entry)
APT workbench
Embeded SQL
Sqr workbench (open report system)
* Easy sqr (menu-based report builder)
* Sqr 4gl (fourth-generation language report builder)
* Sqr debug (debugging tool)
* SQL-EXECUTE (Dynamic table configuration)
Gain momentum (an object-oriented multimedia development platform that can
Editing animations, sounds, and bitmaps)

Sybase deficiency:

* Multi-server systems do not support distributed transparency
* The replication server has poor data performance and cannot
Integration with the operating system
* Poor support for Chinese Characters
* Mostly used in banking systems
* There is no enterprise management information system based on this database

3. INGRES intelligent Relational Database Management System
Many technologies of the Ingres Database system directly use the latest research results of Berkeley University. Technically, it remains at the leading level. The Ingres Database can not only manage data, but also manage knowledge and objects (objects are a combination of index data and operations, and computers process them as a whole ). Ingres is divided into three types: the first type is the basic database system, including data management, knowledge management, and object management. The second type is development tools. The third category is open interconnection products. Data Management in the Basic Database Management System of INGRES supports the following features:

* The Open client/server architecture allows users to establish multiple multi-clue servers.
* The database compilation process. The database process is compiled in the fourth generation of INGRES language.
Write. Compiled and managed by the server to implement predefined transaction processing, reduce CPU load, and reduce network overhead.
* Smart Optimization. The query sequence is automatically adjusted in the network environment according to the query language requirements to find the optimal path.
* Online data backup. You do not need to interrupt the normal operation of the system.
* I/O reduction processing. Provides fast submission, group submission, and multi-block read/write. Reduces I/O.
* Data is stored in multiple files. A table is stored in one file to restore the data inventory in case of exceptions.
* The two-phase commit protocol is used to ensure the consistency of network distributed transactions.
* Has a database rule system. Automatically activates rules that meet the behavior conditions. The number of independent rules for each table is not limited,
* Unrestricted forward reasoning and infinite recursion ensure Database Consistency.
* An alarm system is provided to automatically perform operations when the specified data volume is limited.
* Combining resource control and query optimization, the server controls the resource consumption of queries to ensure system predictability.
* It can process and store user-defined data types and define valid data ranges.
* Allows users to embed their own functions into the database management system.

Ingres application development tools:
Ingres/Windows 4gl. This tool improves programmer productivity through the fourth-generation object-oriented language and debugger. Supports windows such as Microsoft Windows, open look, and decwin. Ingres/vision. Is an application code generator that supports advanced interface features (graphical representation of the application structure, menu-driven, online help, and dynamic selection of valid data ). He also allows users to adjust the generated code. User decision support tools. It includes gql (Graphic Query Language), grafsman, and IPM (Interactive Performance Monitor) INGRES/net. It is a client/server communication protocol compatible with OSI based on the global communication architecture. Supports the transparency of verses, network, and multi-platform. Ingre/star is a distributed information management mechanism that allows users to regard databases distributed across different sites as a whole, provides multi-data inventory integration, distributed data dictionary, distributed query optimization, and distributed processing for distributed databases. Ingres/Gateway: the non-Ingres Database system is connected with the Ingres Database. Ingres enhanced security systems are designed according to the US B1 security indicators to meet data consistency, availability, and credibility requirements, provides row-layer labels, underlying multi-layer security systems, security tag data types, and complex consistency mechanisms.
Limitations of the INGRES system:
Academic value is greater than practical value. That is to say, they have mastered leading technologies in academic aspects and are relatively weak in product services.
4. Informix Database Management System
Informix runs on UNIX platforms and supports SunOS, HPUX, and alfaosf/1. The dual-engine mechanism is used to make it easy to use because it occupies a small amount of resources. Suitable for small and medium databases. It has the following features:

* DSA (dymanic Scalable Architecture) dynamically adjustable structure supports SMP query statements
* Multi-clue query Mechanism
* Three task queues are available.
* Virtual processor
* Provides the parallel indexing function, which is a high-performance OLTP database.
* The physical structure of data is static parts.
* Supports dual-host cluster (only the sesquent platform is supported)
* Informix 4gl Cade tool developed for Complex System Applications

Existing defects include:

* Poor network performance, does not support heterogeneous networks. That is, only data transparency is supported, but network transparency is not supported.
* Concurrency control is prone to deadlocks.
* Data Backup has the software image function, which is slow and has poor reliability.
* Large database systems cannot achieve good performance.
* Development tools are not mature. They only have character interfaces, weak multimedia data, and no case tools covering the entire development process.
* No Client/Server distributed processing mode
* Poor portability and incompatible data structures of different versions.
* 4gl and Cade Code cannot be transplanted.

Informix's main products include:

INFORMIX—SE
INFORMIX—ONLINE
INFORMIX—SQL
INFORMIX—4GL
INFORMIX—OPEN CASE/TOOL BUS
INFORMIX—VIEW POINT
INFORMIX—STAR
INFORMIX—NET
INFORMIX—GATEWAY
        ……

5. DB2 database management system
DB2 is a database management system embedded in IBM's AS/400 system, directly supported by hardware. It supports standard SQL languages and has gateways connected to heterogeneous databases. Therefore, it has the advantages of high speed and good reliability. However, the DB2 database management system can be used only when the ibm as/400 is selected for the hardware platform.