Computer motherboard knowledge

I. motherboard driver

If your system is the latest version of XP, you may already have the driver on your motherboard. however, it is best to reload the motherboard driver with the original drive disk. the general motherboard drivers are described. Installing the system and directly installing the driver are acceptable. if you cannot find the motherboard driver, follow these steps.
Specific steps: Right-click my computer, right-click the property Device Manager, view the system device bar, view the parameters of the motherboard, double-click, upgrade the driver, put it into the installation disk, install the installation can be.

2. At board and ATX Board

What is the difference between the ATX and at boards? The main board type installed in the chassis determines the chassis style, the slot port on the back of the chassis, the keyboard and mouse interface, and the power used (such as at power supply or ATX power supply. ---- There are two types of chassis: Baby at and ATX. Baby at was very popular in the past. It comes from the design of IBM at machine, but it is smaller than it. This type of chassis can only use at type motherboard and at power supply. The ATX chassis uses a motherboard of The ATX specification. When purchasing a chassis, you must first determine the type of motherboard (at or ATX) You want to install, and then choose the baby at or ATX chassis Based on the motherboard, to ensure that the specifications of the motherboard and chassis are consistent. ---- The ATX chassis is designed by Intel and is currently the most popular. Several rows of holes and slots matching the ATX motherboard are designed on the back of the chassis to connect devices such as monitors, keyboards, and mice; the ATX power supply is also used in the chassis. The difference between this power supply and at power supply is that it can be controlled through software, and you can easily turn on or off the ATX power supply using the software; of course, the ATX chassis also has many other features, which makes it more expensive than the at chassis.

There is also an NLX board, which is more popular with brand-name machine manufacturers.

3. Identify the model of the motherboard

(1) Check the motherboard packing box or motherboard manual.

(2) press the pause key (pause break) to copy the number at the bottom of the screen. The front of the numbers is displayed.

Date. Don't worry about him. The information displayed in the last row of numbers containing letters is the motherboard model, including the manufacturer and Motherboard chipset.
(3) Use test software such as Everest

Some testing software can measure various computer hardware configurations, such as the motherboard, CPU, video card, and sound card. They can be used to test the computer motherboard type. However, these testing software may not be able to identify the recently produced hardware type, or may have an error classification. Therefore, try to use the previous methods to determine the motherboard model of the computer.

4. motherboard ---- CPU

These boards mainly support P4 CPUs, and 915 of the motherboard supports the number of CPU pins775Pin (and pin is touch)
Because the current 32-bit and 64-bit CPU market and the card interface of the AGP and PCI-E are inconsistent. As a result, the current motherboard market is very complicated. It is not easy for us to select a suitable motherboard from the market. Here I will briefly discuss my experience.

For intel, the main board interface is relatively simple, and the current market is only 32-bit478And 775 in the 64-bit era. Among them, the 478 interface includes models such as 845,848,865,868, including all the sanyang D series 32-bit processors and many R series Processors. On the 775 interface, there are a few 32-bit Pentium 4 Processors, more of which are 64-bit sai Yang D and Pentium 4 and Pentium dual-core processors. Among them, the 775 interface motherboard mainly has 915 and 945 models.

While the 478 interface motherboard only has the AGP slot, does not support PCI-E graphics card, and more than 915 motherboard basically support PCI-E graphics card. If it is a graphics machine, it is not difficult to select intel.

5. motherboard partition Group

The core of the motherboard is the Motherboard chipset, which determines the specifications, performance, and general functions of the motherboard. We usually say "865pe motherboard", and 865pe refers to the Motherboard chipset. The Motherboard chipset usually includes both the nanqiao chip and the beiqiao chip, but some motherboard chips also contain one or three chips.

The beiqiao chip mainly determines the motherboard specifications, hardware support, and system performance. It connects to the CPU, memory, and AGP bus. What CPU is supported by the main board, how fast the card is to be supported, and how often the memory is supported are determined by the Northbridge chip. North Bridge chips often have a high working frequency, so the heat is quite high. On the motherboard, we can find a radiator near the CPU slot, which is the same as the main board of the North Bridge Chip. The performance difference is minimal.

Nanqiao chip mainly determines the functions of the main board, various interfaces on the Main Board (such as serial port, USB), PCI Bus (connected to the TV card, inner cat, sound card, etc.), IDE (connected to the hard disk, optical drive) and other chips on the motherboard (such as integrated sound card, integrated RAID card, integrated Nic, etc.) are all controlled by the nanqiao chip. The nanqiao chip is usually exposed next to the PCI slot, and the block size is relatively large.

A channel is required for data transmission between the North and South bridges at any time. This channel is the north and south bridge bus. The wider the north-south bridge bus, the more convenient data transmission. In the Motherboard chipset of each manufacturer, the North-South Bridge bus is named respectively ., For example, Intel's hublink, via's V-link, and sis's mutiol.

(1) What external frequency does the motherboard use. One piece of PII 300 with 333 MHz outer frequency is faster than PII with MHz outer frequency when running many programs. The results on the K6-2 are more obvious. Both mvp3 and Intel BX chipset of via support MHz and MHz standard external total frequencies, while some old chipset only support up to 66 MHz.

(2) What kind of memory is available. For example, the popular SDRAM on the motherboard contains the early chipset intel platinum HX, micron FX motherboard can not run, and the mvp3 via can even support improved SDRAM--DDR-SDRAM, This is the effectiveness of the Motherboard chipset. In addition, the constant technological innovation has increased the maximum memory capacity supported by the motherboard from 256m of ipvtx to 4 GB of ipvnx.

(3) the buffer size of the cache to the memory. The cache of the Tx chipset only takes effect for memory within 64 MB, and the portion above 64 MB will wait for a while. Viamvp3 buffer memory reaches 512 MB.

(4) number of supported caches. The TX chipset motherboard supports 512 KB of cache, while the Via, mvp3, and Ali aladinv can reach more than 1 MB.

(5) various major bus and output modes. Intel has supported ultradma 33 hard disk transmission mode since the Tx chipset, while via's Apollo Pro has even started to support ultra DMA 66. In addition, Intel began to display a new plug-in on the motherboard after lx-The AGP display card plug-in, and VLA and Ali began to support the relevant chip. Don't underestimate it. The emergence of AGP solves the problem of insufficient bandwidth between the display card and memory and CPU, making it possible to display high-speed and large-capacity graphics. The AGP plug-in is usually located before the PCI and ISA of the motherboard and has a short length, but it is much larger than the bandwidth of PCI and ISA, and has reached 533 Mb/s (2x mode ), it will soon be able to reach 1 Gbit/s bandwidth (4x mode), provided that it is supported by the next generation of chipset.

The early Motherboard chipset included three to four chips. Over time, the chipset included rapid development of encapsulation technology, and now the product is generally only two chips.

On the slot 1 motherboard, there are Intel's micron BX, lx, ex chipset, via's Apollo Pro Plus, SIS 5600, etc, on the socket 7 platform, the most popular ones are via mvp3, Intel sans Tx, Ali aladinv, and SIS 5591/5595. The socket 370 motherboard also has its own dedicated "heart" Intel sans ZX, of course, other chipset socket 370 can also be used, while the slot 2 motherboard is dedicated to the wks of the javasgx and for the server's javasnx chipset.

The chipset is really too important for the motherboard. Here we will select a representative of the two mainstream chipset types to illustrate what the chipset is and how it works.

Let's take the mainstream intel BX chipset as an example. It consists of two chips. Beiqiao is the one labeled with "AGP set" on the main board. Its learning name is "12743bx", and the chip is also engraved with the factory id and origin. It is responsible for the generation of CPU, memory, AGP, and external frequency, as well as the connection and speed with the nanqiao chip, which can be said to be the top priority. Because of its complicated functions, the chip area is very large and adopts BGA encapsulation, with a total of 496 pins. The Southern bridge chip of the motherboard-8z371eb task is relatively light, it generally deals with external devices, such as USB, ISA and PCI to ISA connections, etc, it has fewer functions, so the number of transistors is much smaller than that of the North Bridge, and the pin has only 324 pins. It also has the common name "P iix4 ".

On the socket 7 platform of the Main Board, the popular nickname is not via mvp3. The mvp3 chipset we see now mainly includes "cd" and "CE", which can be seen from the words marked on the beiqiao chip, if it is "CE", it is "vt82c598at", and the second line is even clearer. The performance of the "CE" chip is certainly better than that of the "cd" version. At least the "CE" chip is no problem in supporting the i740 display card, while the "cd" chip is much more troublesome. Unlike Intel's BX chipset, mvp3 does not all use BGA chips. Its North Bridge is BGA encapsulation, while the south bridge still uses fqfp, and it looks like the two chips are one side, however, in terms of functionality, it is no less than the Bx chipset. The main board components and working methods managed by the southern and northern bridge chips are almost the same as those of the Bx chip, however, the mvp3 beiqiao chip is still responsible for the arduous task of "PCI to ide.

In addition to the CPU slot, the socket 7 motherboard has a second-level cache (high-speed cache ). We all know that Intel's pii cpu contains two levels of cache, while AMD (except K6-3) and cyrix CPU only has one level of cache, so they mainly use the cache on the motherboard to increase the CPU hit rate. For the socket 7 motherboard, the cache is really an efficiency multiplier, which ranges from kb to 1 Mbit/s. It is generally divided into one or two pieces and is arranged in a location close to the CPU. Cache is also called SRAM. It has a large number of built-in transistors, complicated manufacturing processes, and expensive. The speed of cache has been marked in the first line under its trademark, such as "WZSP222AF-4A" here "-4" represents the cache delay time is generally around 10 NS, currently, the shortest cache latency can be less than 3ns.

However, as time passes, more and more CPUs begin to contain Level 2 cache, and the independent Level 2 cache on the motherboard will gradually disappear.

6. Determine the motherboard Quality

I. Several principles of selecting the main board 1. Stable Operation and good compatibility. 2. Complete functions and strong scalability. 3. Easy to use. You can adjust as many parameters as possible in the BIOS. 4. the manufacturer has a website with timely updates and rich content, making it easy to maintain. 5. The price is relatively low, that is, the cost-effectiveness is high. Ii. PCB Depends on the PCB Quality, gloss and thickness. The PCB Thickness is usually 3 ~ About 4MM, also known as the 6-layer PCB Board, but the cost of doing so has increased. Many manufacturers will design their own cabling and layout for the main board, therefore, it is common that the PCB Board is a four-time PCB Board board. After contacting the motherboard, you can check whether the PCB Board is smooth and has no edges. If this basic requirement cannot be met, it only indicates that the manufacturer of the motherboard has technical problems. We do not recommend you purchase such a motherboard. Touch the PCB, good motherboard cleaning process is better, it will not feel very sticky. 3. Wiring Judging the quality of the cabling can be seen from the turning angle and distribution density of the cabling, the good motherboard wiring should be relatively uniform and neat, and the connection from the device to the controlled chip should be as short as possible. The turning angle should not be less than 135 degrees, and the passing hole should be minimized, because each passing hole is equivalent to two 90 degrees right angles, and the turning angle is too small and the passing hole is equivalent to the inductance element in the high-frequency circuit, the number of steps from the CPU to the North Bridge should be smooth and even, arranged neatly, with fewer holes passing through. The power cabling is the opposite, and the steps that do not meet the requirements of the process will be messy. Some manufacturers with poor design levels will have defects in the finished products, and they will use the method of manually adding wires to fix them, which is called "flying line ". Iv. Capacitor Commonly seen on the motherboard are the TA capacitor and electrolytic capacitor. The former is better than the latter, and the cost is high. Therefore, most of the main boards use electrolytic capacitors. Good motherboard capacitor should be more and the capacity is large, generally using 3300 μF electrolytic capacitor, that 100 Micromethod below the small capacitor welding obtained is all belongs to the miscellaneous board. The larger the capacity and temperature of the capacitor skin, the better. The capacitance voltage range is very important. You can see the "+" and "-" On the capacitor. This is the withstand range of the capacitor voltage. The smaller the value, the better the capacitance. In addition, the welding of capacitors should be clean and the cables should not be distorted. If the metal aluminum shell slice capacitor and yellow square ta capacitor is more, the general motherboard should be better. From the color perspective, the black capacitor is the worst, the green capacitor is better, and the blue capacitor is stronger than the green capacitor. Therefore, the filter capacitors around the CPU are usually green on the motherboard, while some are black in other places. (Although blue is better, green is widely used) V. Power Supply Circuit The CPU power supply circuit requires fast high current response capability, which is affected by the power of the MOs, inductor coils, and capacitors. Use the fastest MOs, the inductance coils of high magnetic flux crude wires, and the input and output capacitance of Ultra-Low ESR. A good motherboard uses a high-conductivity inductance core, and its coils use a single thick winding; but most manufacturers use a cheap core, using a three-wire winding method. The current CPU power is large, and the motherboard is preferably three-phase or four-phase power supply, so that the current can be allocated to more circuits to reduce PCB fever. Some well-working mainboards provide independent power supply circuit design for memory and AGP interfaces, which helps improve the stability of the motherboard. Vi. Layout 1. The location of the CPU outlet. If it is too close to the edge of the motherboard, it will be difficult to install the CPU heat sink in some chassis with small space or unreasonable Power Supply location. Similarly, the electrolytic capacitor around the CPU outlet should not be too close. Otherwise, it is inconvenient to install the radiator, or even some large heat sink cannot be installed. Second, it may damage the electrolytic capacitor. 2. ATX Power Supply interface. Different mainboards vary widely. A reasonable position should be on the right side of the upper edge or between the CPU outlet and the memory slot, rather than between the CPU outlet and the left I/O interface. In this way, the installation of the CPU radiator or the air circulation around the radiator can be avoided.

 

VII. motherboard Interface

Accelerated graphics Port)
Nowadays, many users put the quality and effect of display at the top, and The AGP slot is a dedicated slot for the video card. It uses dedicated point-to-point connections between the graphics controller and the main system memory to enable quick and high-quality display of 3D and video images. The AGP slots are divided into two types: AGP and AGP pro. The AGP slots are short independent slots (usually brown), and The AGP pro slots are about 2cm longer than the normal AGP slots, you can increase the video card voltage support based on the ordinary AGP slot, and be able to be backward compatible with all the AGP video cards. The only function of The AGP slot on the computer is the external video card. It is worth noting that some motherboard that has integrated the video card (such as the motherboard of the intel810 chipset and the motherboard of the sis630 chipset) may not have the AGP slot. (Figure)

PCI slot (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
In addition to office and game games, a computer also requires many extended functions, such as multimedia audio and surfing the Internet. In this case, the power of the PCI slot is necessary! All types of boards have PCI slots, and the microatx Board (Small board) generally has 2 ~ 3, while the ATX motherboard (large board) usually has 5 ~ Six. The PCI slots and the AGP slots are arranged in parallel, but the length is longer than that of the AGP slots. The color is generally white and conspicuous. Currently, the main accessories inserted in the PCI slot of our motherboard may include sound cards, built-in modem, Nic, and PCI graphics cards. PCI slots are currently the most widely used and support devices on computers, because they provide an independent data channel for CPUs and other accessories, this allows each device inserted in the PCI slot to directly exchange data with the CPU, greatly improving the efficiency of the entire machine.

ISA slot (Industrial Standard Architecture)
A long time ago, different computer components had different access cards, which made it difficult for outsiders to operate computers. As a result, ISA technology came into being and standardized the interfaces of most access cards and computers, allows various external cards to be inserted in the same slot. The ISA slot is usually located next to the PCI slot and parallel to the PCI slot. It is the longest slot on the entire motherboard, and the number is generally 1 ~ 2, which is easy to recognize. Currently, some stock cards are still ISA interfaces, and some ISA sound cards, ISA NICs, and other ISA devices exist. Therefore, the ISA slots are useful to some users. Today, compared with PCI, ISA has a low data throughput, a high CPU usage, and cannot dynamically allocate system resources, which is prone to conflicts. With the emergence of PCI slots, ISA slots are gradually eliminated. We can only see isa slots on a small number of boards.

Memory slot
As the name suggests, the memory slot is specially prepared for memory insertion. It is usually located below the CPU slot, perpendicular to the PCI and AGP slots, with 2 ~ 4. I believe no one will think that there are many memory slots. After all, the memory is cheaper than Chinese cabbage. The color of the memory slot is generally black. Note that there are more than one type of memory on the market, so the corresponding memory slots are also divided into several types: one is the slot that supports the old-fashioned SDRAM memory, there are 168 pins in the internal, and there are two partitions in the slot to prevent reverse insertion of SDRAM with a working voltage of 3.3 V. The second is a slot supporting DDR memory, with 184 pins inside, there is only one partition inside the slot, and the operating voltage is 2.5 V, which is easy to distinguish from the memory slot of the SDRAM. These two slots are common. Another memory slot only exists on the motherboard of the Intel 820/850 chipset. Only this slot supports RDRAM memory, which is different from the previous two memory slots because the data transmission in the RDRAM memory is in dual-channel mode, we must use RDRAM memory in pairs. For example, if we want to use 256 mb rdram, we must use two 256 MB instead of one MB, and the RDRAM memory slots are connected in series, in the idle memory slot, the entire system can work normally only by inserting a dedicated connector.

ATX Power Supply Interface
The ATX power slot is the hub connecting power supplies and mainboards. The power supply of the entire mainboard depends on it. Without power, the computer certainly cannot work, so the ATX power slot is a power source of the motherboard. The power outlet on the ATX motherboard is not fixed. It is usually installed on an edge of the motherboard in a rectangular shape and has two 20-pin ports on it. Because the power outlets of the ATX motherboard have an anti-plugging design, if the power plug direction is incorrect, it cannot be plugged in. As long as you don't have to force the plug-in, you don't have to worry about the plug-in and reverse causes the motherboard to burn out.

IDE Interface
(Figure) When we enjoy high-speed data transmission from hard disks, recorders, and other devices, do we think of what the main board uses to transmit data? In fact, the hero behind the scenes is the IDE interface, which is also the place to connect the main board and the main storage device. The location is generally near the memory slot and the length is 5.9, which is usually paired, the color is generally black or blue. There are two ide interfaces on the general motherboard, and a maximum of four ide devices (such as hard drives, optical drives, and recorders) can be connected ). On the motherboard With the raid function, there are two to four ide ports that can connect up to eight ide devices and provide the disk array function. Idex (x = 0 ~ 3 or 1 ~ 4. Similarly, the IDE interface also has the anti-plugging function. When connecting the data line to the IDE interface, you only need to pay attention to aligning the protruding part of the data line with the gap in the center of the edge of the IDE interface. When the power is down, you can try it out.

FDD Interface
The FDD interface is used to connect the motherboard and the drive. The FDD interface is usually located near the IDE interface and has similar shapes. We can distinguish between the length and color: FDD interface length is 4.9, shorter than the IDE interface, and the color is generally white. Generally, the motherboard only provides one FDD interface, which is different from the pair of the IDE interface. The FDD interface uses a flat 34-pin data cable to connect to the soft drive, which is the same as the anti-plugging design of the IDE data cable.

Various I/O interfaces
A luxurious host is useless without any peripherals. If there is no mouse or keyboard, a computer will almost become a decoration. Similarly, some peripherals such as printers and scanners must be connected to the computer through interfaces. Therefore, there are many I/O (input/output) interfaces on the motherboard, they are important interfaces used to connect the motherboard and main peripherals. The current motherboard complies with the pc'99 specification, and each interface has a special color, so it is extremely easy to identify.

PS/2 Interface
The PS/2 port is the keyboard and mouse interface dedicated to the motherboard. It is a 6-pin round port plug. Generally, there are two PS/2 ports on the Main Board of the home machine. The green port corresponds to the mouse, the purple keyboard cannot be inserted incorrectly, or the computer cannot work normally.

USB Interface
The official name is universal serial bus, which is a universal serial bus. It is a flat rectangular interface. It supports hot swapping (configuration devices can be added without shutting down or restarting the system) and plug-and-play, and fast transmission rate. Theoretically, 127 USB devices can work simultaneously. You can now use a variety of peripherals, including the mouse, keyboard, modem, hard drive, scanner, printer, and so on.

COM interface (Serial Port)
It is a very old-fashioned interface, which is a 9-pin D interface. Generally, there are two serial ports on the motherboard. Besides connecting the old mouse, it is basically useless, is an interface to be phased out. Currently, most motherboards provide two com interfaces, COM1 and com2, to connect devices such as serial mouse and external modem. The I/O address of the COM1 interface is 03f8h-03ffh, the interrupt number is irq4, the I/O address of the com2 interface is 02f8h-02ffh, And the interrupt number is irq3. It can be seen that the com2 interface has priority over the response of the COM1 interface.

LPT interface (Parallel Port)
Located at the top of the serial port, it is a 25-pin D interface that can be connected to a small number of printers, scanners, digital cameras and game controllers. The disadvantage is that the speed is slow and hot swapping is not allowed, I believe that all the friends who play digital games have deep experiences. Like the serial port, it will be replaced by a more convenient update technology. It is generally used to connect a printer or scanner. Its default interrupt number is irq7, with a 25-foot DB-25 connector. There are three main working modes for interport: 1. SPP standard working mode. SPP data is a half-duplex one-way transmission with a low transmission rate of only 15 kbps. It is widely used and is generally set as the default working mode. 2. Epp enhanced working mode. EPP adopts two-way half-duplex data transmission, and its transmission rate is much higher than spp, which can reach 2 Mbps. Many peripherals currently use this mode. 3. ECP Extended working mode. ECP adopts bidirectional full-duplex data transmission, and the transmission rate is higher than EPP, but not many devices are supported.

MIDI Interface

The MIDI interface of the sound card is shared with the game rod interface. The two pins in the interface are used to transmit MIDI signals and can be connected to various MIDI devices, such as electronic keyboards.

There are many and complex interfaces on the motherboard. Beginners may look at the issue and dare not rush to do it. In fact, there is no need to be afraid. Basically, all interfaces on the motherboard correspond to the corresponding types of devices one by one. If an error is inserted, it is easy to see. In addition, the anti-plug-in design is available in many areas of the motherboard, and the error plug-in cannot be inserted. In a word, as long as power is cut off and hot swapping is not done, you can try to plug, unplug, and study your motherboard and components. After getting familiar with it, you will be aware of it.

20172006.03.14

Patch cord on the motherboard

Hardware jumper settings-including standard CPU external frequency, CPU voltage settings jumper, hard disk jumper, and other settings

I. Recognition jumper

Whether it is the motherboard, hard drive, optical drive and other drives, you can see the Jumper figure. What is a jumper? The so-called jumper, that is, the metal pin (jumper) embedded on the motherboard, hard disk, optical drive, and other devices, and the Jumper cap on these metal bars.

A patch cord is a small metal column, and a patch cord is a plastic cap with two "holes" in its appearance. However, the plastic layer on the top of the patch cord is used for insulation and protection, there are two pieces of metal shrapnel in it, so when the Jumper cap is inserted in the Jumper column, a "path" is formed between the two jumper columns ".

The jumper is used to adjust the breaking relationship between different electrical signals on the device and adjust the working status of the device. For example, determine the operating voltage of the CPU, the external frequency, and the master-slave relationship of the driver. Note that a jumper has at least two jumper columns, but multiple jumper columns. From the perspective of arrangement and combination, the Jumper with multiple jumper columns can be adjusted much more than the Jumper with only two jumper columns, therefore, this "Jumper group" is often used on the motherboard to adjust the external frequency and frequency doubling of the CPU (used for overclocking ).

In addition, there are many dip switch settings on the motherboard to replace the patch cap, making it easier to use. The dip switch usually has the "on" icon in the upper-right corner, indicating that the "on" status (equivalent to the hop cap insertion status) is switched on when the switch is switched up, and the "off" status is switched down.

The jumper is very important. If it is set incorrectly, it will crash if it is light, and the component will be damaged if it is heavy. Therefore, you must carefully read the manual when adjusting the jumper, and check the Jumper name, patch cord number, and connection relationship. Although the Jumper settings of different devices are different, they are also universal, so let's get to know and set some common jumpers.

There are many areas where you need to set the "disconnection" relationship on the motherboard, so this is also the place where the most Jumpers are available. For a beginner in hardware, Correctly Setting the jumper on the motherboard is a skill that must be mastered.

Ii. Set the standard external frequency of the CPU

Currently, the standard external frequency of the CPU is only 66 MHz, 100 MHz, and 133mhz. Although the new motherboard currently supports "soft jumper ", that is, the "BIOS" is used to set the external frequency of the CPU. However, this soft Jumper can only be used to set non-standard external frequency (for overclock) for a specific segment ), for example, the standard extra-frequency is 110 MHz, and the new super-frequency is MHz. However, if you want to upgrade the MHz outer frequency to a standard outer frequency such as 133mhz, the jumper is required. Note that the above mentioned above is only used to briefly describe the role of the "outer Frequency Jumper". The most basic role of this jumper is to "correctly set the outer frequency on the motherboard for CPUs with different outer frequencies, ".

1. et370 Motherboard

The main board of the socket370 interface supports sai Yang and piII series CPUs. Because the external frequency of the Sai Yang series CPU is divided into 66 MHz and 133 MHz, and the external frequency of piII is MHz, therefore, the socket370 motherboard must be able to support standard external frequencies of 66 MHz, 100 MHz, and 133mhz. The burden of setting these three external frequencies falls on the "outer Frequency Jumper. Because it needs to be combined into three-block external frequency, the external Frequency Jumper of the et370 motherboard is generally a set of jumpers. As for how to arrange and combine to achieve 66 MHz, 100 MHz, and 133mhz, it depends on the motherboard specification. However, the motherboard vendors generally print such instructions to the motherboard, therefore, you can find a simple patch cord with a white font near the outer Frequency Jumper.

Do not think that the outer Frequency Jumper is very complicated. After reading this simple instruction, we will find that what we want to do is to "insert the patch cord cap into the patch cord column 1 and 2 or the patch cord column 2 and 3 ". The "1-2" in the manual means "connecting the 1 and 2 jumpers with a jumper cap ", the jumper column 1 is marked with numbers "1" or "▲" next to the jumper. We can easily determine the numbers of the Jumper columns in the jumper.

Some boards with the socket370 interface do not need to manually set the outer Frequency Jumper, because most of these boards have the "Automatic Detection" function-automatically detect the CPU type and automatically select the appropriate outer frequency file.

2. Socket a motherboard

For the motherboard that supports socket A interfaces of Poison Dragon, athlon, and athlonxp, because the external frequency of these three CPUs is only MHz and 133mhz, the outer frequency jumper of these motherboard is generally a three-pin jumper.

3. et423/socket478 Motherboard

This type of motherboard supports P4 CPU, although the current P4 has Willamette and Northwood two core, front-end bus is 400 MHz, and later Northwood P4 will use 533mhz Front-End bus. For the current situation, the P4 motherboard generally only provides two standard external frequencies, namely, 133 MHz and MHz. Therefore, most of the Three-pin Jumpers are used, the setting method is the same as that of the above et462 motherboard. Because the current p4 is 100 MHz, the default value is 100 MHz. You do not need to change the outer Frequency Jumper.

3. Clear CMOS settings

In the previous study, we have learned the importance of CMOS settings, especially the "boot password" function is very practical. But what should we do when we forget the password? At this time, the patch cord used to clear the CMOS settings on the motherboard is useful.

This patch cord is generally located near the BIOS chip and can be found on the motherboard. The common setting methods are as follows: when the patch cord cap is inserted on the patch cord 1 and 2, the CMOS setting is normal (this is also the default value when the motherboard is released; when the patch cord is removed from the patch cord column 1 and 2 and inserted in the patch cord column 2 and 3, the CMOS settings are cleared. When the CMOS settings are cleared, we must also restore the Jumper cap -- re-insert it on the patch cord column 1 and 2; otherwise, it cannot be started.

Iv. CPU voltage jumper

For overclocking enthusiasts, there are many benefits for setting jumpers for CPU voltage on the motherboard-Appropriately increasing the operating voltage of the CPU in the overclocking status can effectively improve the stability of the CPU, this is also often referred to as "pressurization ". It should be noted that increasing the operating voltage of the CPU will cause the CPU temperature to rise, and also affect the CPU life. Therefore, such jumpers can only slightly increase the CPU voltage, and are divided into several blocks, such as + 0.05 V, + 0.1 V, + 0.15 v, generally not more than 0.3 V, otherwise, the CPU security is seriously affected. Because several block voltage values need to be provided, such Jumpers are generally in the form of jumper groups.

The CPU voltage jumper is generally located near the CPU outlet. Of course, this jumper is set for overclocking, so only a few boards can see this jumper. Do not change the CPU voltage settings for users who do not need to overclock the CPU. Otherwise, problems may easily occur.

V. BIOS write protection jumper

Because CIH and other viruses can damage the BIOS chip (that is, write some destructive programs to the BIOS ), therefore, the later motherboard added a "BIOS write protection jumper" to the motherboard ". When you refresh the BIOS program, you need to change the BIOS voltage to write the BIOS program. The write protection status (BiOS cannot be refreshed) is 5 V, the write protection is 12 V. The jumper used to adjust the voltage is the BIOS write protection jumper ". This patch cord is usually located near the BIOS chip. When the patch cord is inserted on the patch cord column "2-3", it is in the writable state. When it is inserted on the patch cord column "1-2, is in write protection status (the default settings of the motherboard.

6. AC '97 sound shield jumper

Today, the main board is equipped with integrated soft sound cards (also known as the ac'97 Sound Card), although such sound cards can meet the needs of general users, however, there are still many people who will separately buy a PCI sound card and plug it on the motherboard. However, after inserting the PCI sound card on the motherboard, users will often find it difficult to install the PCI sound card-it is easy to see a conflict of interruptions, and when the force is enough, it was found that there were two sound cards in the system-the original ac'97 sound card was still "on duty ".

In fact, it is very easy to disable the ac'97 sound card. Generally, there is a "Sound Card shield jumper" near the output end of the integrated sound card ", you only need to change the default "1-2" to "2-3" to shield the ac'97 sound card.

VII. keyboard boot jumper

Currently, many mainboards support the "keyboard Boot" function. When this function is enabled, You need to press the corresponding key on the keyboard to start the computer. Although many boards support keyboard boot, this function is usually blocked by jumpers on the motherboard. It is relatively simple to find the jumper. It is generally located near the PS/2 interface. Change the default "1-2" connection to "2-3" according to the Jumper instructions.

8. jumper on the adapter

For motherboard users using the slot 1 architecture, a adapter must be provided for their CPU. Currently, sai Yang only has two types of external frequency products, namely, the 66mhz external frequency competition and the MHz external frequency tualatin competition, so currently, common adapter generally only provides a three-pin jumper to adjust the CPU external frequency-when "1-2" is connected, the external frequency is 66 MHz (default); when "2-3" is connected, the external frequency is 100 MHz. Of course, there are also some high-end adapter cards with Adjustable Voltage on the market, such as ASUS and MSI. The patch cords are more selective, but the methods are similar to common adapter cards.

9. jumper on the video card

In fact, there is generally no jumper on the video card, but with some graphics cards with "Magic jumper" listed, we also know that "the original graphics card also has a jumper ". In fact, this kind of "Magic jumper" is not complicated-through some hardware modifications or software modifications, we can change the general geforce series graphics card to a professional "Quadro" graphics card, this improves the performance of geforce graphics in professional graphics software. Of course, manual modification is not complicated. Computer news has published such articles many times, and these graphics cards with "Magic jumpers" have taken into account the user's needs during design, therefore, you only need to connect the jumper on the video card with a patch cap, geforce will become Quadro, And if you unplug the patch cap, it will be changed back to geforce. Currently, several video cards that have been scaled up have such jumpers, which are easy to use.

10. jumper on the drive
There are also many Jumpers on hard drives, optical drives, recorders, and other drives. These Jumpers are used to set the "master-slave" relationship. Why should we set "master-slave? We know that there are two ide interfaces on the motherboard, and each interface can be mounted to two ide devices through data lines, so the two ide interfaces can be mounted to four ide devices. Four ide devices are ordered to compete for each other.

It can be seen that for the drive (hard drive, optical drive, etc.) that will be mounted to the data cable, we must first determine its "master" (main disk) and "slave" (slave disk) status. For example, most users only have two ide devices, that is, one hard disk and one optical drive. Because there are two ide interfaces, therefore, we can use one ide interface for each of the two devices (each occupies one data line ). Generally, the hard disk is mounted on the ide1 interface. The hard disk can be "primary master" or "primary slave", and the optical drive is mounted on ide2, it doesn't matter whether it is "master" or "slave". The ide2 interface only has one setting, and no other device is competing with it.

For users with 3 or even 4 ide devices, you must plan the location of each device before setting the jumper. For example, when we need to mount two hard disks on an IDE interface, we must set one of them to "master", and the other to "slave ".

1. IBM hard drive jumper settings

At present, the IBM hard disks that can be seen on the market are basically the tenglong series, and in fact, the methods of IBM hard disk jumper settings are the same, so as long as you learn the operation method, we can deal with all IBM hard disks.

Basically, all hard drive Jumpers are located in one place-the middle of the data cable interface and the power interface, and IBM hard drive is not an example. It can be seen that there are a total of nine patch cord columns in the upper and lower lines of the patch cord of the IBM hard disk (the one in the lower left is vacant). How can we set the master and slave disks?

(1) Master (master disk)

When a patch cap is inserted in the "G-H", another patch cap inserted in the "A-B", at this time the hard disk becomes "master", this is also the default settings of the hard disk factory.

(2) slave (slave disk)

When a patch cap is inserted on the A-B, and the other is inserted on the C-D (that is, the rightmost two jumper columns), the hard disk becomes "slave ".

(3) cable select (cable selection)

The hard disks we use now generally support ata66/100, and the data cable used to connect these hard disks has changed from 40 cores to 80 cores, in fact, the 80-Core Data Cable not only enhances the anti-interference capability, it also has another feature-when the hard disk jumper is set to "Cable select, the master-slave relationship of the hard disk is determined by its location on the data cable. When learning the hard disk, we already know that the data cable used to connect the motherboard is called "system", the middle end is called "drive1", and the other end is called "drive 0 ".

When the jumper of the hard disk is set to "Cable select", it is mounted on "drive 0" as "master" (master disk), and mounted on drive1 as "slave" (slave disk ). Since "Cable select" is based on the installation location to determine the master-slave relationship, it is very convenient to change the Jumper no matter which part of the hard disk is attached. However, when you enjoy the convenience of "Cable select", note that all ide devices must be set to "Cable select". In addition, when the hard disk and the optical drive are mounted on the same data cable, "Cable select" may be invalid-the optical drive does not support "Cable select "! In addition, "Cable select" also requires data line support. If a poor data line is used, errors may also occur. Therefore, for beginners, set the hard disk to "master" or "slave. The "Cable select" setting of the IBM hard disk is very simple.

2. Seagate (Seagate) Hard Drive

Although the update speed of the Seagate hard disk is very fast, the Jumper setting method does not change much, as long as you have been in touch with them before, it is not difficult to set up the latest Seagate hard disk. In addition, the patch cord setting method of the Seagate hard disk is printed on the back of the hard disk, so it can be easily done by new users.

The method for setting the jumper of the Seagate hard disk is very simple. The jumper is also between the data cable interface and the power interface. With the previous experience of setting the IBM hard disk, I believe you will set it after reading this picture.

It can be seen that when a patch cap is inserted in the "G-H", the hard disk is "master"; take all the patch caps down, the hard disk is "slave "; if the E-F is connected, it is "Cable select ".

3. Western Digital Hard Drive

The jumper setting method of the Western Digital hard drive is also very simple. the manufacturer also prints the Jumper setting method on the front of the hard drive, which is very eye-catching. Note that the current hard drive Jumpers are generally 10-pin, that is, up and down two rows of a total of 10 jumper columns, and some of the hard drive Jumpers are 6-pin. When you set a jumper for the Western hard drive, you must count the number of jumper columns. The 10-pin jumper cannot be confused with the 6-pin jumper setting method. Note that the patch cord 1 is located near the top of the power supply interface column and can be arranged according to the above.

4. maxtor hard drive

Since the acquisition of kunteng, maxtor has become the leader in the hard disk market. Although its diamond, golden diamond, US diamond, and Star Diamond hard disks have different performances, their jumper settings are the same. However, the patch cords of some new series of hard disks recently developed by maxcompute are quite different from those of the previous models.

(1) typical maxcompute hard drive series

The hard drive mentioned here refers to the Diamond Series, the sixth generation of the golden diamond and its previous products. This kind of hard drive is similar. The patch cord settings are printed on the disc. Although this instruction may be hard to understand for beginners, you will understand it later.

The patch cords of these hard drives are divided into up and down two rows, a total of 10 pins, one of which is vacant, so in fact there are only 9 pins.

(2) New Hard Drive

As mentioned above, Mattel acquired kunteng, so he later fully absorbed some technical advantages of kunteng hard disk. The latest version of the Seven-generation golden diamond has fundamentally changed with the original hard drive-like the previous kunteng hard drive. Although the patch cord settings are still printed on the disc of the 7-generation diamond, this is not the original one.

11. Optical Drive

Optical Drive (including burner, DVD-ROM) jumper compared to the hard disk to be much simpler, General optical drive jumper are 6-pin, that is, the upper and lower two rows of each 3 jumper column, you can set "master", "slave", and "Cable select" (^ 18030301p ^ 16) by using a patch cap ). It should be noted that the optical drive product usually directly marks the meaning of the Jumper column next to the Jumper, for example, "Ma" is "master", "SL" is "slave ", "CS" is "Cable select ". The jumper indicates that the optical drive is a "master". If we need to change it to "slave", we only need to use tweezers to pull out the patch caps inserted on "Ma, then insert it on "SL.

The jumper settings of the recorder, DVD drive, and other ide devices are the same as those of the optical drive. Through this part of study, we believe that we have a deeper understanding of jumper, and we will not be "scared" when we encounter them.