Landscape Analysis (I)

1 Landscape

Definitions of landscape in Ecology:

Narrow landscape: Refers to a heterogeneous geographic unit that consists of different types of ecosystems and has a repetitive pattern within the range of several thousand to several hundred thousand meters. The landscape complex that reflects the Comprehensive Characteristics of climate, geography, biology, economy, society and culture is called a region. The narrow landscape and region are the macro landscape that people usually refer.

Landscape in a broad sense: it includes space units with heterogeneity or patches from the micro to the macro scale. The broad concept of landscape emphasizes spatial heterogeneity. The absolute spatial scale of landscape varies with the object, method, and purpose of the study.

2 landscape classification system

Landscape is an orderly system that consists of a series of landscape clusters in a regular combination process, from small to big, as described below:

Landscape Elements: Components of the smallest level, including various landscape element blocks, such as farmland, roads, and villages.

Landscape element group: Also known as landscape element chain, which is composed of a series of landscape elements closely related to the structure. It can perform certain landscape functions, such as the alternative chain, interference chain, and function chain.

Landscape Unit: a relatively independent and complete unit composed of multiple functional landscape element groups, such as villages, forest farms, and towns.

Landscape clusters: an organic combination of multiple similar functional areas, such as forest landscape clusters, agricultural landscape clusters, suburban landscape clusters, and urban landscape clusters.

Landscape system: the regular combination of several landscape clusters, such as the landscape system in Nanjing.

3. Landscape Structure

Starting from the basic features of space morphology, contour, and distribution, we can distinguish patches, corridor, matrix, net, and edge) five types of space.

Spots, patches, splices, and non-linear landscape ecosystem units different from the surrounding background;

Corridor or corridor refers to the type of landscape ecosystem space with a line or band;

The infrastructure and substrate are the largest and most widely distributed landscape ecosystem with outstanding quality in a certain region. They are often represented by the Environmental Background of spots and corridors;

Network: a network is a structure that connects different ecosystems in the landscape.

Edge: Also known as transition zone, fragile belt, edge belt, etc., refers to a significant transitional feature between landscape ecosystems.

4 Landscape Pattern

Landscape pattern usually refers to the spatial structure characteristics of the landscape. It refers to the natural or man-made structure. A series of different sizes and shapes arrange different landscapes in the landscape space, it is the specific manifestation of landscape heterogeneity and the result of various ecological processes, including interference, on different scales. Spatial plaque is the most common form of landscape pattern, which is manifested on different scales. Landscape Pattern and Its changes are a comprehensive reflection of the regional ecological environment system generated by the interaction of natural and man-made factors, the type, shape, size, quantity, and space combination of landscape patches are not only the result of the interaction of various interference factors, but also affect the ecological process and Edge Effect of the region.

5. landscape index 5.1 type level landscape index

1. Plaque Area (CA), number of patches (NP), and percentage of patches (pland)

The area of patches and the percentage of various patches are the basis for the calculation of landscape pattern;

2. patch density (PD): used to determine the number of patches of a certain landscape type per area.

3. Maximum plaque index (LPI): the percentage of the largest patches in each type in the total area of the watershed. It is a simple dominance measurement algorithm.

4. pafrac: used to measure the complexity of patches or landscape types. When pafrac tends to 1, the shape of patches tends to be square. When pafrac tends to 2, the shape of patches tends to be wound. 1-pafrac-2

5. clustering index (AI): If a landscape is composed of many discrete small sections, the clustering value is small; when the landscape is dominated by a few major patches or the same type of patches are highly connected, the clustering degree is large. 0-ai-100

6. Cohesion: This type of physical connectivity is measured. 0-cohesion-100

5.2 landscape index

1. Total number of patches (NP)

2. Plaque density (PD)

3. Landscape Shape Index (LSI)

4. Area perimeter and dimension index (pafrac)

5. CONTAG)

6. clustering index (AI)

7. Shannon diversity index (shdi)

6. Shannon uniformity index (shei)