Muscle glycogen (muscle glycogen), is the sugar in the muscle storage form, in strenuous exercise consumption of large amounts of blood sugar, muscle glycogen decomposition energy, muscle sugar can not be directly decomposed into glucose, must first decompose the production of lactic acid, through the blood circulation to the liver, and then into the liver into glycogen or synthesis of glucose.
Inositol (muscle glycogen) is also used as muscle glycogen. Glycogen is the stored form of sugar in the body, mainly glycogen and muscle glycogen.2 hydrolysis of oxidizing enzymes
Due to the lack of an enzyme (no decomposition of 6-phosphate glucose in the muscle phosphate esterase), muscle sugar can not be directly decomposed into glucose, must first decompose the production of lactic acid, through the blood circulation to the liver, and then into the liver into glycogen or synthesized into glucose. In many biological organisms, such as animals, plants and microorganisms, the anaerobic decomposition of sugar is carried out almost in the same process. The glycolysis of the muscle sugar element, that is, the muscle sugar in the condition of hypoxia, after a series of enzymatic reaction to the final transformation into lactic acid process. In the muscle tissue, the muscle sugar in the first combination with phosphoric acid decomposition, after the sugar phosphate, sugar phosphate, pyruvate and a series of intermediate products, the final generation of lactic acid.The process of yeast hydrolysis1. Glycogen in the role of phosphorylated enzymes, A unit of glucose was released at the end of the restoration and combined with 1 molecule phosphoric acid to produce glucose-phosphoric acid 2. Glucose-phosphoric acid is transformed into glucose-phosphoric acid 3 under the action of the modified enzyme. Glucose-phosphoric acid can be entered into glycolysis or oxidative energy during aerobic oxidation of sugar ( Of course, you can also participate in other metabolic processes of sugars), and the subsequent process is exactly the same as the metabolic pathway of glucose. 4. The reduced sugar chain can continue above reaction (phosphorylation-heterogeneity-into glycolysis or aerobic oxidation of energy) Note: Muscle glycogen is oxidized directly in the muscle. Not hydrolysis and re-oxidation, and here the oxidation is not that the whole process only oxidation reaction and no other reaction type, the whole process only 2 steps is the real redox reaction.Total reaction Type1/n (C6H5O5) N+h2o→2ch3chohcooh glycolysis is a way of supplying tissue energy to sugar. When the body suddenly needs a large amount of energy, but also insufficient oxygen supply (such as strenuous exercise), the glycolysis of the sugar element temporarily meet the need for energy consumption. In the aerobic condition, the glycolysis of the sugar in the tissue was inhibited, while the aerobic oxidation was the main pathway of glucose metabolism.3 Sport-related
Reserve Influence FactorsThe amount of muscle glycogen in human skeletal muscle is about 10-15 g/kg wet muscle. Influencing factors: 1, Muscle parts: 2, Muscle fiber type: It is generally believed that the content of glycogen in the fast-contraction muscle fibers is slightly higher than that of the slow-contraction muscle fibers. 3, sports Training level: long-time endurance training, can make glycogen reserves increase by one times. 4, Diet: normal glycogen content of the muscle to drink sugar is less sensitive. Only in the case of pre-exercise exhaustion of muscle glycogen, after high sugar diet, muscle glycogen reserves significantly increased. [2]Leverage Impact factors(i), exercise intensity, duration and muscle glycogen utilization exercise intensity increased, muscle glycogen consumption rate increased correspondingly. 1. The muscle glycogen consumption rate was maximal when the maximum oxygen uptake was 90%-95%. However, due to the rapid increase of lactic acid, inhibition of glycolysis, so, exercise to exhaustion, muscle glycogen consumption is less than half of the original reserves. 2. The 65%-85% maximum oxygen uptake intensity (sub-maximal or sub-maximal strength) long-time exercise time can be maintained for 45-200 minutes, muscle glycogen utilization rate is very high, the maximum glycogen consumption. The change of muscle glycogen utilization rate with time of movement can be divided into three phases: during the initial stage of exercise, the muscle glycogen was decomposed rapidly due to the stimulation of muscular contraction, adrenaline release and local oxygen reserve, and glycolysis was the main process of energy supply metabolism. In the second stage, the circulatory system adapts to the exercise load, the rate of glycogen decomposition decreases and the aerobic metabolism of homeostasis is maintained. At this stage, the rate of glycogen decomposition changed with the intensity of exercise, such as 25%, 54% and 78% of the maximum oxygen uptake, respectively, the corresponding glycogen decomposition rate was 0. 3, 0. 8, 1. 5 mol/kg wet muscle -1 min.-1. In the final stage, with the use of glycogen, its reserves are relatively reduced, the decomposition rate is also significantly reduced, muscle compensation measures to improve blood sugar absorption and fat use. 3. With 30% maximum oxygen uptake intensity (low intensity) during exercise, the muscle is mainly oxidized by fatty acids for energy, and muscle glycogen is seldom used. (b), the training level of people with high training level, the implementation of quantitative sub-maximal load exercise, fatty acid oxidation of the ratio of energy is higher, the corresponding muscle glycogen utilization rate slowed. Therefore, during exercise, enhanced oxidative energy of fatty acids, the use of muscle glycogen to save the role. In the high-intensity sub-maximal movement, the muscle glycogen decomposition rate is relatively faster than that of non-trainers, which ensures a larger power output when exercising. (iii), muscle fiber type endurance training can improve muscle oxidative sugar, fatty acid ability, mainly manifested in I, ⅱa type of muscle fiber. During the long period of exercise under 70% max oxygen uptake intensity, the glycogen in I-type muscle fibers decreased most, which proved that the muscle fibers were suitable for moderate and low intensity exercise. In the 75%-90% maximal oxygen uptake intensity movement, with the increase of the movement intensity, first raise ⅱa type muscle fibers, finally is the ⅱb type muscle fiber. In the maximum muscle contraction, ⅱb-type muscle fibers were almost all raised, muscle glycogen quickly decomposed and decreased the most. (iv), diet in the 30 minutes before exercise or intermittent exercise, the right amount of sugar, can reduce the consumption of muscle glycogen. The concentration of free fatty acids in plasma before exercise can increase the proportion of fatty acids in muscle during exercise and slow down the utilization rate of muscle glycogen. (v), the impact of environmental temperature in hot weather exercise makes muscle glycogen decomposition energy increase, cold when the body uses fat to increase. (vi), the effect of low oxygen pressure on the low oxygen pressure plateau exercise, insufficient oxygen supply to the increase in the proportion of glycolysis, muscle glycogen depletion, lactic acid production increased significantly. When oxygen supply becomes the main metabolic limiting factor, the metabolic synthesis equalsATP, the use of sugar oxidation than fatty acid oxidation of oxygen consumption is less, so, in the early stage of training, muscle glycogen utilization increased during exercise. Muscle Glycogen(a) Aerobic exercise capacity and muscle glycogen reserves in the long time (45-200 minutes) of large-intensity exercise, muscle glycogen reserves before exercise determined to reach the time of exercise exhaustion, directly affect endurance training and athletic ability of the game. The causes of muscle glycogen depletion in maximal intensity exercise are as follows: (1) glycogen is separated in muscle cells, and it is difficult to be supplemented from non-motor muscles when the muscle glycogen is exhausted. (2) Muscle glycogen content is low, in the completion of the same load exercise, muscle should be more to absorb blood sugar supply, may cause hypoglycemia, affecting the central nervous system energy supply. (3) Muscle glycogen is a metabolic primer for fat oxidative energy, and sugar deficiency will affect the ability of fat to oxidize and supply energy. (4) The muscle glycogen reserves is insufficient, the fatty acid energy supply proportion increases, causes the movement ability to descend. (ii) Anaerobic exercise capacity and muscle glycogen reserves of muscle glycogen reserves are too low, inhibit lactic acid production and reduce anaerobic metabolic ability. In short, muscle glycogen reserves are necessary for both endurance and maximal movement. It is very important to improve the capacity of muscle glycogen in vivo, decrease the rate of glycogen utilization during exercise, accelerate the recovery of glycogen after exercise, and achieve an excessive recovery.4 Exercise fatigue
Some beverages are alkaline due to the decomposition of the muscle sugar. Muscle sugar in the storage of about 300 grams, if all can be converted into energy enough to play a game of basketball. The energy of the decomposition and release of muscle sugar is divided into two ways: anaerobic decomposition and aerobic decomposition. Anaerobic decomposition is in the absence of oxygen, through the role of oxidase, muscle sugar decomposition into lactic acid, and release energy; aerobic decomposition is under the participation of oxygen, through the action of the oxidase, the muscle sugar decomposition into carbon dioxide and water, while generating a large amount of energy. The main advantage of the oxygen-free energy decomposition is that oxygen is not involved in the release of energy, which allows the body to move (snorkel) for a short time without oxygen, or to carry out long and very intense movements (such as running in the middle). The product of the anaerobic decomposition of inositol-lactic acid first accumulates in the muscle, then gradually released into the blood, so that the ph of the muscle pulp and blood decreased significantly. The decrease of ph in muscle can inhibit the process of anaerobic decomposition of muscle sugar, and hinder the transmission of excitatory impulses to the muscles, and the decrease of ph in the blood will affect the stability of the internal environment of cell survival, thus causing the ability of brain, heart, kidney and many other organs to decline. The results of these factors, so that the muscle can not maintain the original intensity of exercise, and even have to stop the exercise, this is the fatigue phenomenon, some scientists in the last century in the 90 's called "fatigue." The accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle is mainly discharged in the blood, the blood depends on the inherent in the blood of a variety of buffer substances (sodium bicarbonate, etc.) to neutralize it as salt and weak acid, and then through the joint cooperation of the kidneys and lungs to the formation of weak acid and other substances out of the body, thereby maintaining the stability of the internal environment. In normal circumstances, the body's stable mechanism is sufficient to deal with the "intrusion" of acidic substances, but in strenuous exercise, the blood lactate can be from 9% mg to 15% mg of quiet suddenly increased to 200% mg to 250% mg (middle run), then the blood reserves in the buffer rapidly reduced (some people study to reduce 60% ), this set of stability Mechanism also "beyond resurrection". In order to increase the athlete's anti-fatigue ability, some psychologists let the 1500-meter long-distance runners take the sodium bicarbonate before running, and the average running speed of more than 10 athletes increased 3.1 seconds. Therefore, taking alkaline substances before exercise can increase the buffering capacity of the blood, can better combat the fatigue caused by lactic acid, thus improving athletic performance. This is true of some beverages that contain some basic substances.5 Metabolic Similarities and differences
StorageGlycogen 90-100 g <5% muscle glycogen 200-500 g 1%-2%Synthetic MaterialsGlycogen/non-carbohydrate muscle glycogen glucoseProductGlycogen lactose of glycogen glucose musclefunctionGlycogen maintains a relatively stable level of glucose in the muscle glycogen to meet the energy needs of the muscle during strenuous exerciseconsumptionGlycogen after 12-18 hours of glycogen after strenuous exercise6 Synthetic pathways
Hepatic glycogen synthesis pathway two. 1) Direct pathway: glucose (G) by g-6-p,g-1-p activation of UDPG, glycogen synthase under the action of the synthesis of glycogen, muscle glycogen synthesis by this approach. Tri-carbon pathway, 2) indirect pathway: After starvation, replenish and restore glycogen reserves, glucose first decomposed into lactic acid, pyruvate and other three carbon compounds, and then into the liver to produce glucose. Glycogen in the role of glycogen phosphatase, direct phosphoric acid solution into g-1-p, transformed into g-6-p, in the liver glucose 6 phosphatase decomposition into free glucose. Muscle glycogen synthesis only direct pathway, due to muscle deficiency glucose 6 phosphatase, muscle glycogen decomposition can not be directly into the sugar, can become g-6-p after entering the glycolysis pathway, or oxidative decomposition, or lactic acid after the production of lactate cycle reuse. [3]
Muscle sugar Element
