Project Management (Enterprise Management by Project) is the technology and means of modern project management theory to manage the project and operation activities, it applies the traditional project management method to the comprehensive enterprise operation. It is a comprehensive application of traditional project management methods and technologies in all projects of enterprises, breaking through the traditional management methods and boundaries. The project management of the enterprise permeates the concept of the project into all business areas of the enterprise. The so-called Enterprise project Management, is to stand in the perspective of the senior management of the various tasks in the Enterprise project management, the main idea of the task as a project to carry out management, is a project-centric long-term organization and management mode.
It is necessary to "rally" before reforming the project management. The so-called "potential" is often top-down, the higher the position "potential" the stronger. The momentum is a top-down atmosphere, any change to success can not be separated from the support of the leadership. The transformation of project management is the same, first of all, to win the support of the top leaders, employees in the situation of concern, often have a higher work enthusiasm and efficiency.
Not all business management work in the enterprise can be managed according to the project form. This requires the project Committee to classify the work within the enterprise, and to operate in a functional manner with respect to repetitive, routine work, such as the procurement of raw materials, the production process of the product line and the maintenance of its equipment, and the final product shipment process. And for those with a sharp change with goals, deadlines, budget and resource constraints, and is a one-time project-specific tasks, can be converted into various projects for management.
The project task list is submitted to the general manager for approval, and after the general manager's support and approval, the project manager of each project is selected. Submit the project task book to the project manager, and the project manager will organize the project team to execute the project according to the project management model. The organizational structure of the enterprise, according to the situation of resource allocation and strategic importance of the project, chooses the different organizational forms, such as day type, weak matrix type, balance matrix and strong matrix, to make the most effective use of enterprise resources and provide strong technical support for project management.
There are also 10 major principles:
1 工欲善其事, its prerequisite;
2 of the words are not smooth, words do not work;
3 and the body is not in the right order;
4 Everything is pre-set, not pre-abolished;
5 sharpening does not mistake chopping power;
6 overall planning;
7 No rule inadequate surrounding area;
8 Haste;
9 crowds;
10 No word, no man knows.
The project management of product development requires the enterprise to do the following work:
1. Demonstration and evaluation of the project. Demonstrate and evaluate product development during project launch, including feasibility studies and evaluations, market feasibility studies and evaluations, technical feasibility studies and evaluations, feasibility studies and evaluations of cost costs, etc. As this process involves a lot of content, it is necessary to marketing departments, design departments and accounting departments, such as the joint participation of various personnel.
2. Plan and schedule management of the project. The plan includes scope planning, staffing planning, procurement and supply planning, resource planning, scheduling, Budget cost planning, quality planning, control plans, and risk management plans . In the formulation of the plan, the work breakdown structure (WBS) can be used in the form of a reasonable allocation of tasks and resources, the decomposition of the work to the department or individual, to do everything else. Using the Gantt Chart, network planning technology and other methods to make reasonable progress in the development and management of the project, so that the product development process to get time supervision and control.
3. Risk management of the project. Because all the planning work is based on the forecast of future events, there must be a variety of uncertainties. Therefore, the project carries out risk management. At the beginning of the project, various economic risks, technical risks, market risks and so on should be identified beforehand, the risk will be quantified and analyzed, and the corresponding measures should be formulated.
4. Quality management of the project. The quality management of the project is for the project to achieve the desired goal. Project Quality management is not confined to the implementation phase of the project, in order to achieve the success of product development projects, the idea of quality management must be carried out from the project start to the end of the whole process, the corresponding quality management and supervision and control of the link, and the development of relevant personnel responsible.
5. Implementation of the project. The implementation of the project is carried out by the executive departments or personnel according to the content of the project plan and the progress of the time. The entire project implementation phase is divided into several reporting periods, where actual performance information is collected during each reporting period, and the changes are revised into the project plan, and then the recent project schedule, budget and forecasts are measured and evaluated, the current situation is analyzed and compared with the benchmark plan. If corrective action is required, determine corrective action and develop relevant corrective actions. The shorter the reporting period, the easier it will be to identify problems early, so that the entire project can be effectively controlled to ensure project time and cost control. And in the process, the members of the various departments through timely communication can avoid many errors, even if the error can be corrected in a timely manner, thus greatly reducing the traditional development process due to continuous rework and delay time. At the same time, the control process makes the work performance of the project personnel be evaluated effectively, and becomes the effective basis of the employee performance evaluation.
6. The end of the project. As a project manager, at the end of the project, a performance appraisal of the project team members should be prepared, with the results of the implementation of the project tasks indicated, and the knowledge and skills to be expanded by each member in future work. This will help improve the performance level of future project work. The post-evaluation of the project is made up of the Project Committee, the executive organization or the executive, with the aim of assessing the performance of the item to determine whether the project has achieved its intended purpose and whether it is completed in time and cost according to the project plan. Summarize the experience and lessons learned from the project and identify what should be done to improve future performance.
The Enterprise Project Management organization operation mode is good or bad, decided the enterprise Implementation Project Management organization efficiency high and low. The organizational structure mode of enterprise project management should be advantageous to "project management", and the concept of project management should permeate all business fields and processes of enterprise, and the organizational structure should be multi-directional, flexible and combined. organizational structure to the staff, through a variety of project activities and team composition, to provide employees with learning and development opportunities, so that they not only become the project's executor, but also capable of more complex work , the organization should be conducive to the implementation of project management, work procedures should enable employees to respond quickly, The relationship between the members of the Organization should be able to exert the enthusiasm of the employees and make them responsible for the project's profit and loss.
The traditional single project organizational structure model has not been able to meet the enterprise project management, therefore, according to Enterprise project management, put forward the construction principle of enterprise project management organization structure pattern. Compared with the traditional organization design principle, the organization design of enterprise project management should pay more attention to the flexibility of organization design and the flexibility of organization itself.
As a kind of management means, the basic aim of the enterprise organization is to ensure the realization of the project goal. Starting from this fundamental goal, the organization of Enterprise project management should be set up according to the objectives and objectives of the enterprise, and the establishment of the task, the establishment of the Agency and the level of division, because the matter set up and posts responsibility, due to responsibility and authority, clear responsibilities, power and responsibility are unified, so that all aspects of the relationship is clear.
In order to meet the enterprise project management, it is necessary to construct the organizational structure model suitable for enterprise project management. According to the relationship between the construction of Enterprise project management organization and the organization structure, the organization model of enterprise project management is established. There are two levels of enterprise project management organization, one is enterprise hierarchy organization structure of enterprise project management, the other level is the organization structure of concrete project team.
The organizational structure of enterprise level, mainly from the enterprise's strategic overall and benefit the enterprise project management angle, adjusts the function and the function of the original department. Determine the responsibilities, authority, position and establishment of each department. The establishment of Enterprise Project Management Committee, Project management Office and other relevant organizations. In the organizational structure of enterprise project management, the main governing bodies are the Project Management Committee (projects Management COMMITTEE,PMC), the Project management office (projects Management OFFICE,PMO), the functional department, The main responsibilities of the project department are described below.
1, the Project Management Committee. It is the highest decision-making body of the enterprise project management, generally by the general manager, the fixed committee members are composed of General manager, deputy general Manager and assistant general manager. Depending on the nature of the project, the company may engage industry experts to enter the project Management Committee as a temporary member. The implementation of strategic management can be divided into two major aspects, one is the project and multi-project management, on the other hand, the part of the functional department management. The Project Management Committee is the highest decision-making body for enterprise operation management. The responsibilities of the Project Management Committee depend on the specific requirements of the organization and will be constantly adjusted as these requirements change. The Project management committee is positioned as a decision-making and management body for project management at the organizational level, with the main responsibilities of:
① focuses on organizational strategy, strategic planning, strategic control and strategic assessment of all projects undertaken by the Organization.
② to make decisions on project initiation and project revocation.
③ Review project plan, including schedule, cost budget, quality plan, etc.
④ hold the Project stage review meeting, review the Project phase report and review the project summary report.
⑤ supervise the implementation of the relevant system of project management.
⑥ makes decisions on major milestones and major change plans in the course of the project.
⑦ determine the project manager and the project manager's assessment and the project performance evaluation principles.
2, the project management office. Also called the Project Office, Project Support Office, is an important organizational form of enterprise project management, the company set up the project Office for the management of the project is very effective, is positioned as the enterprise project management business support organizations or internal advisory bodies. The Project office is a series of related management activities under the leadership of the Enterprise Project Management Committee, which is a form of organization to support the project manager to carry out the task. The main role of the project management office is to coordinate the effective implementation of all aspects of the work. Effectively integrate resources from an organizational perspective, allocate resources according to project priorities, and propose resources allocation and adjustment to the Project Management Committee. At the same time, those who do not participate in the project and after the dissolution of the management staff temporarily linked to the project management Office, engaged in integrated coordination and normative development and professional research work, once the project needs, the people assigned to the project team. The project management office also coordinates between projects to deal with conflict between project groups. The responsibilities of the project management Office also depend on the specific needs of the enterprise and are constantly being adjusted to the changes in these requirements. Of course, within the project management Office, a number of professional groups, such as risk assessment teams, information management groups, tracking and assessment teams, are required to establish the situation.
3, functional departments. In the Enterprise project management, the traditional function department has already changed the position in the enterprise, the function department's significance not only needs to complete the work task within this function department, more important is to provide the quality and quantity resources for each project, Feedback from the project team on the resources provided by the various functional departments is an important evaluation of the value of the functional department. The functional department can provide resources for the project at the same time and work simultaneously. The functional sector is not just focusing on its areas of expertise, but it must also consider what resources it can provide to the project, what skills it can nurture the project members, and the extent to which the project needs to be focused on resource requirements and feedback on the resources it provides. The value of the project team is to be able to complete the project tasks with the support of the resources to achieve the project objectives.
4, the Project department. It is set up under the project management Office, by the project manager and project team members, responsible for the specific operation of the project, is the key Department of Enterprise Project Management, its operation is directly related to the success or failure of the project. Each project has specific objectives for the project, and project managers and project members need to implement the project around the project objectives and corporate objectives to achieve the project objectives and overall business objectives. The responsibilities of the project department include:
① work under the coordination of the project management office;
② to plan the project's specific operation;
③ implement the project according to the standard, method and procedure of project management;
④ is responsible for the final outcome of the project.
The operation of Enterprise project management organization is a very extensive and complex process. Aiming at the needs and characteristics of the organization of Enterprise project management, this paper designs the general operation process of enterprise project management organization. As the object of enterprise project management is all the projects in the enterprise, because of the characteristics of the project, it is necessary to monitor all the projects in the enterprise in the process of project management, and to implement change management for some projects.
(a) Feasibility analysis of project management for the whole enterprise
1. The characteristics that enterprises should have in implementing project management. To the Enterprise overall project management, the first can be analyzed whether the overall operation of the enterprise to meet the characteristics of the project.
(1) Enterprises need to achieve a one-time set of objectives. After the enterprise stage processing, each stage has a clear implementation objectives, input the initial state of the enterprise, output in line with the target description of the enterprise. (2) In order to achieve the established goals, the Enterprise has established a more complex organizational structure, and the inter-departmental collaboration is very frequent. The business objectives of the enterprise are to be made up of several parts, spanning multiple organizations, and therefore need multi-party cooperation to complete. (3) Enterprise management needs a variety of different technical and knowledge needs. (4) The realization of enterprise goals has strict limits on time. The so-called "strict qualification" refers to the open, definite time limit. (5) The realization of enterprise goals is limited to the resource occupancy. There is a predetermined budget for available resources, and once the budget has been agreed upon, it is generally no longer supplementary and complementary, and requires that the task be completed in a timely manner within the budget plan in accordance with the established quality requirements. (6) There is only the highest responsible person and a team. To the enterprise, the only top person in charge is the general manager, and all the employees in the enterprise work under his direct or indirect command.
2. Enterprise implementation of project management can be phased processing. Most of the traditional enterprise's project characteristics are not very obvious, because the lack of a unified focus on short-term goals, production, research and development, marketing, sales of their own step by step, mutual communication, collaboration is very few. However, once a major activity is to be run, or when the development of an enterprise is in a turning point, or if there is a major task to be completed, the enterprise's operation tends to show the characteristics of the project briefly.
For the long-term goal of the enterprise, which does not attach importance to the short run, it can decompose its whole business process into several interrelated stages according to the different nature of the work and the Order of time arrangement. In this way, project management can be implemented at each stage to make the goals of each phase more precise and actionable.
3, the Enterprise implementation of project management can be hierarchical processing. As with most complex projects, even after a professional, phased approach, the overall goal of the enterprise is composed of a number of sub-goals, especially for the larger enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with the hierarchical management of the project.
Each sub-goal represents a sub-project, which is related to each other and has a chronological order, just like the pre-process in operations research and the tight-back process. In such a hierarchical system, the overlapping of the people, each employee often has a number of identities, at the same time in many progress, on the one hand, they need to have a higher quality, on the other hand, but also need more powerful management tools to plan and control. There is also the issue of balanced allocation of costs, since the overall cost budget for the project is limited, and as the implementation progresses, the allocation of costs needs to be adjusted in real time to achieve a dynamic balance so that the project schedule is not affected by the uneven cost.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that whether the enterprise can carry out the project management, it is necessary to first determine whether the enterprise has the characteristics of the project, such as the enterprise as a whole does not have the characteristics of the project, the enterprise can be phased and hierarchical processing, so that it meet the requirements of the implementation of the project.
(ii) Feasibility analysis of the project management of the daily work of the enterprise
1. The project of activities and tasks in non-project-oriented enterprises. In the daily activities of enterprises, there is a similar work in nature and project, but most enterprises do not fully realize the importance of scientific system management for this part of the work. The traditional approach is to place it in the functional sector, which often requires a coordinated mobilization of resources and manpower in other sectors, and thus often results in less than expected plans and objectives. Enterprises in a large number of work is continuous, recurring repetitive work, such as a large number of assembly line production, there are fixed processes and standards, such as raw material procurement, inspection, production operation, finished goods transportation. Will enterprise in one-time tasks, no standard execution files, is unique, non-repetitive work into the project, the project team to complete a special mission, then dissolved, back to the original department. The former is a non-innovative activity, the profit is relatively small, the latter is an innovative activity, often for a considerable period of time to obtain excessive profits. The former kind of production and business activities to adopt general enterprise management can, and for the latter kind of production and management activities, take the project management model is more efficient. If the new plant is a project, the daily production process after the completion of the operation is the operation. Usually the process business of the enterprise is still in the traditional way, but the processing of any change is implemented as a project.
Project is actually a plan to solve the problem, or a plan to complete the task, there is a starting point and end of the ending, can be broken down into a number of sub-tasks, for the enterprise is in the predetermined period and the appropriate budget to complete the goal, is a cross-departmental, cross-professional team organization activities.
The activities and tasks in the daily management of the enterprise can be carried out in four criteria: the Department is responsible, the department manager organizes the complex activities of the project, involves the cross-unit, the cross-department work project, involves the multi-person cooperation, can decompose the task the work project, involves the definite completion deadline, the determination budget activity project.
Before adopting the method of enterprise project management, the manager must first clarify what kind of resources the enterprise has. In general, the resources can be divided into human resources, financial resources, technical resources and other types of enterprise project management needs a variety of skills between various departments, so for Enterprise project management has the most important significance is human resources, enterprises must establish their own talent assessment system, The importance of building files and evaluating the skills that employees possess is important in the ability to efficiently select project managers and build project teams at any time.
Enterprise's other resources and human resources together constitute the constraints of enterprise project management, so the other resources of enterprises to establish detailed files and assessment, the establishment of enterprise resource pool can help enterprises to self-diagnose, is the implementation of enterprise project Management Foundation.
Most organizations, whether formal or not, will have some working procedures in existence. such as personnel employment procedures, procurement procedures, reimbursement procedures, and other expenses. If the enterprise initially does not implement enterprise project management, in the process of transformation to enterprise project management, these procedures must be standardized, resulting in the following standard work procedures.
1. Project Selection Program. In the early stages of project initiation, the selection of the right project to invest to maximize the use of resources in the demonstration process, the purpose of which is to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the project, usually need to consider the following questions: whether to fully meet the needs of customers? Is it in line with the strategic development needs of the enterprise to bring a reasonable return on investment? Can you establish a competitive advantage for your business?
In fact, the project selection process includes the project's General opportunity research, the specific opportunity research and the feasibility demonstration stage, is the first step to ensure the project success.
2. Project work procedures. After you have identified the project, you need to implement and evaluate the project in strict accordance with the project management methodology. Including the use of project management of common techniques such as Gantt Chart, equity analysis to manage all aspects of the project, the American Institute of Project Management PMI has divided the project management into 9 categories, namely: project scope management, quality management, time management, communication management, human resources management, procurement management, cost management, Risk management and integrated management. In all aspects according to the characteristics and methods of project management constitute the enterprise project management work procedures.
3. The Project resource configuration program. The project resource configuration procedure requires the evaluation of the resource utilization efficiency of each project, according to the investment return, cost saving and other indicators to arrange the allocation of project resources, enterprise project management Enterprises must carry out multiple projects at the same time, can use ABC method, value analysis method and other tools to evaluate these projects, and allocate resources accordingly according to their importance. Enterprises must establish a system that can evaluate the efficiency of resource utilization in their projects.
Enterprises can establish a well-defined and efficient standard working procedure according to benchmarking learning method, so that the working methods can be unified in the process of the execution of each project, and the unnecessary conflicts of work procedures in the management process will be reduced.
The impact of enterprise project management on corporate culture is obvious, transforming the organizational structure of enterprises from hierarchical functional organization into hierarchical fuzzy matrix organization , or not forming matrix structure, and flattening the original organizational structure , This will affect the enterprise's original structure of the vested interests of the dissatisfaction, this dissatisfaction is likely to affect the morale of the entire enterprise, so enterprise managers in the implementation of enterprise project management process must deal with the original level of enterprise culture to the new team culture change. The usual measures include: to provide full and effective publicity to all employees before the implementation of the enterprise project management, to properly handle the transfer of the former leadership position, minimize the fluctuation of the job change to the enterprise, and train all the staff in the project management expertise.
The operation of project management is through the authority of the senior management of the company to the project manager, because the project usually involves the project principal, the owner, the project supervision and other interests, and the project manager can only mobilize the resources within the organization. Therefore, the responsibility of the project manager is greater than the power he has. In the actual project management operation, the "degree" authorized by the project manager is very difficult to grasp, on the one hand, the project manager should have sufficient authority to obtain the required resources to complete the project, on the other hand, too much authorization to the project manager will affect the interests of other organizations, the senior management will lose the strict supervision and control of the project. Therefore, it is very important to establish an effective and reasonable authorization system. Managers must first decide what kind of power should be granted to the project manager, in general, the project manager has the authority to decide the project team, a certain amount of money call right and material call right, emergency handling right. The following powers should not be granted to the project manager: Contract document signing rights, project price negotiation rights, more than a certain proportion of the total project price (by the company according to the actual situation) of the funds call right and material call right. In general, the principle of empowerment is that the project manager's authority should be limited to the completion of the project deliverables themselves, and the decision-making powers involving significant interests of all parties should not be delegated to the project manager. The responsibility of the project Manager includes: to complete the project on time according to the quality within the budget cost, to drive team cooperation and construction, to deal with various disputes within the team, to instruct and supervise the work of the team members, to communicate with the project stakeholders, and to closely follow the progress of the project.
Enterprise project management to the enterprise internal and external close cooperation put forward higher requirements, in the enterprise internal need to form an effective communication system, enterprise informatization in this respect is a very important task, specifically, to achieve the electronic transmission of enterprise files and project monitoring software. the establishment of internal information system is advantageous to the timely and smooth development of enterprise Project Communication , at the same time, at each point, the cost, quality and time of three dimensions of the project can be monitored in a comprehensive manner.
In order to establish an effective communication platform, it is necessary to further strengthen the informatization construction of enterprises and to coordinate the following three relations in the process of informatization construction. First, coordinate the information interests of the Department and the whole, overcome the tendency of information private and self-use, pursue information sharing and optimize the management of global information resources. The information resource planning of enterprises is to eliminate the phenomenon of " information Island" and realize "information data sharing". Second, coordinate the relationship between business managers and information technicians, pay attention to mobilize and protect the enthusiasm of two groups of people, guide and encourage mutual learning, mutual respect, strengthen discussion and avoid weaknesses. The results of enterprise informatization are not belong to the information department, nor belong to the business department, but belong to the whole enterprise, this middle no one is the leading problem, only good communication and cooperation between the two sides, can obtain informatization success. Thirdly, to coordinate the relationship between individual and group, group and large groups, we should promote the knowledge experience and creative spirit of each analyst, each group, emphasize the team consciousness and exert the collective wisdom, and use the information process as the process of learning and improving together.
As a new management trend, the enterprise project management is not widely used in the current enterprise management in China. However, we can foresee that the enterprise project management has a fairly broad application prospect and can enhance the competitive advantage of the enterprise in many aspects. Chinese enterprises can adapt to various aspects of the enterprise according to their own circumstances to meet the requirements of enterprise project management methods, and have a stronger competitiveness.
The introduction of project management into the overall operation of the enterprise, can play a clear business objectives, improve the operational efficiency of enterprises, speed up the development of enterprises and other functions.
This new project management approach is the innovation and transcendence of traditional organizations, more and more organizations recognize that project management can effectively help enterprises to quickly assess changes and response to the environment, the idea of project is becoming the engine and driving force of enterprise organizational change, playing a huge role in many enterprises in the world, Become the Pentium core of enterprise change in the 21st century.
Under the new business environment, the implementation of the project management will be an inevitable trend in China's enterprises. China's production enterprises in the actual operation of the process should be closely linked to the operation of the business process, learn from other enterprises to implement the successful experience of project management, and gradually improve the project management ideas, in order to achieve the management leap of our country's production enterprises. At the same time, we must soberly realize that enterprise project management is not a universal golden key, the theory of project management and the scope of implementation has certain limitations. We are only in the production enterprises to adopt the feasibility of project management to do some discussion, a lot of practical work has yet to be further studied.
Enterprise project management mode needs a unified leadership and command system, and requires strict operating procedures. Project management by the general manager under the leadership of the Project Committee to coordinate the completion of the project team, the project team members from different functional departments of staff. The main tasks of the Project Committee are to collect and present project proposals, to select and validate projects, to review and control project plans, to manage related documents, and to report information. The Project Committee formulates the project information management and the project meeting system, establishes the specialized information manager, assists the project manager to convene the regular and the irregular meeting, transmits and archives the meeting minutes. Establish an independent project management Document System, stipulate the project management work procedure and the concrete method, to the establishment, the key point, the execution state, the abrupt time, the change, the progress and so on unified control. The general project management operation flow is as shown.
(1) from the internal selection of functional department managers, senior Professional and technical personnel and high-quality business personnel to form the Project Committee, and to designate the project management leader.
(2) The next annual task List shall be submitted by each functional department.
(3) The Project Committee will organize special meetings to analyze the list of tasks submitted by various departments, classify and plan the tasks according to the economic strength and resources of the enterprise, and finalize the task, and report the results to the general manager.
(4) The General manager, combined with the annual strategic objectives of the Enterprise, determine the duration of the project, the budget and the results to be achieved, and according to the project to develop project managers and project team members.
(5) The Project Committee will issue the prepared project task book to the project team and determine the role of the team members. The project committee should also do a good job of coordinating the various departments and supervising the progress of the project.
(6) After the task is placed, members of the project team should make reasonable use of the project tools to determine the progress of the project, the budget and time use in each stage of the project implementation, and submit the project schedule to the Committee according to the given deadlines and budgetary conditions.
(7) Project implementation of the early stage of the project can be implemented, at this stage the project team will periodically report the project progress to the project Committee, so that the Project Committee to ensure the smooth implementation of the project to do a good job.
1. Leadership support. Leaders should pay attention to and support the enterprise project management method, can lead the staff to apply this kind of management method well.
2. Fully understand the connotation of enterprise project management mode. Enterprises want to use the project management well for the enterprise to create benefits, it should make the enterprise employees understand the real connotation of enterprise project management. The deep understanding of this model and the current situation of enterprises can be combined to better integrate the management model into the enterprise's life for the Enterprise service. Rather than the use of model mechanically, this management model is only used as a means for enterprises to acquire resources.
3. Harmonization of objectives. It should be clear that when the enterprise work is translated into a project, the goal of the project should be consistent with the overall strategic objectives of the enterprise, the project is to start from specific tasks, the strategic objectives of the enterprise into a real product or service.
4. Enterprise culture training. The method of enterprise project management is not only a management method to improve the efficiency of enterprise, but also a kind of enterprise culture. When the Enterprise management mode is transitioning from the traditional mode to the project mode, the production of the enterprise culture needs a gradual accumulation process, so the management personnel should pay attention to cultivate the employee's culture, so as not to be too hasty and avoid the counter-productive.
5. Establish an effective incentive mechanism. There are many tasks in the business activities can be converted into projects, so in the project team and project team, within the project team to create an incentive mechanism to motivate the project team and team members to ensure that the project participants can complete the project with high efficiency, and thus ensure the product quality and improve the credibility of the enterprise. The most taboo is to make the incentive mechanism in the concrete implementation of the empty talk, so once the enterprise has developed an incentive mechanism to have a supervisory system to ensure its smooth implementation.
As a new management mode, enterprise project management has been accepted by more and more enterprises. This kind of management mode not only improves the work efficiency, accelerates the reaction speed of the enterprise to the market, but also creates the good communication atmosphere within the enterprise, and cultivates more project management talents for the enterprise. However, this kind of management mode can not be mechanically, in the use of this management model, in addition to doing a good job in the basic work, more important is to combine the actual situation of the enterprise, to develop a set of perfect suitable for the enterprise's project management model.
There are some tips:
1, the project team was established
The establishment of the project team is the first element of the success of the project, there is no project team, project management can not be discussed. The establishment of the project team generally includes the following aspects: Project background, objectives, leadership group, executive team, schedule, etc. Project team background and objectives are easier to determine, but the leadership group and the implementation of the establishment of the group, it is necessary to test the team's wisdom. First, the leader of the project leader is who, under normal circumstances, large projects, will find a high power of the role of the person as the leader, but, such people generally more things, the field travel time is long, it is difficult to really participate in the project operation. On the other hand, you just need him to control the direction of the rhythm. Therefore, the person can be fully authorized to find a position a little lower, but can participate in the whole body of the project as a facilitator. Second, the project implementation team personnel arrangements, involving several departments, on the arrangement of several department heads. Here to know, although the department responsible for the implementation of the project team, but in practice, is often the department responsible for arranging the Department of one of the people to participate in it, so, arrange this person's work situation, need to inform the department head in time, if not, you need to substitute in time.
2. Pay attention to the direction of enterprise
The existence and goal of a project team is not only the completion of a project, but also whether the company's focus is changed, that is, the company's "Wind" has changed. The original enterprise to the project is very concerned about, slowly become regardless of asked, this time, you should also pay attention to the project team whether to stop. The focus of the project team is not static, what needs to be done at one stage, what is the focus, what is outdated, and the project leader must be highly sensitive. The company's wind direction can be learned from each monthly work meeting of the company one or two, the next month's focus on what the work, usually in the high-level work report. As a project leader, understand what the project team needs to do more, what is done, and can no longer continue. You can't wait for the top line to call you and make the project do what you know the "wind" has changed.
3. Project planning and motivation
In general, when the project team is established, the project will also be planned and encouraged. Project team planning includes time content planning, Project division, project system and so on. Once the project is started, the project will enter into operation, notice what time is issued, when the material is in place, what time the work meeting starts, what the marketing department should do, what the channel department should do, and these should be clear. Project incentives can not be less, many business managers believe that the project team is arranged by the company, do not need any incentives. To disagree with this view, the project is, after all, an "extra" job for employees and must be motivated to stimulate. Project team to positive incentive-oriented, small projects have a small incentive, large projects have a big incentive, cautious use of negative incentives. Sometimes, some department heads are not involved, he just arranges subordinates to participate in the project team, this time need not need encouragement? Need, because he is the project participant's boss after all, his attitude determines the degree of the subordinate participation, therefore, must carry on the encouragement.
4, strict supervision
People are born with inertia, can drag on the drag, this time, it must be strictly urged. The author thinks: there is no result without supervision. Urging people to do things directly is not just about facing the face, there are many ways. Such as: Project meeting, bulk Mail, Progress Bulletin. The project team leader should learn some "up-to-manage" tools, such as mail, job contact letters, job reminders, etc. Project leader can not make things, may see your work at the top of the reminder, a call is scheduled to be implemented, so, these tools must learn to use. There will always be some people in the project team diligent, some lazy, this time to reward the active, urging the backward person. You can use a stage meeting to make a reward notification, and those who do well should be rewarded in time.
5, diligent communication
Diligent communication, dare to communicate, not only on the, or on the next, are needed. First of all, be sure to communicate with the leader of the project leadership team, bold communication, diligent reporting, especially in the early stages of the project, the senior leadership does not understand you, do not know whether you can be competent, therefore, you will have some scruples, afraid you can not bear, this time, you have to be brave to express yourself, show your position: Project into the normal track, communication can not be less, must let leaders know the project progress in time, their hearts bottom. To the next communication, to be bold "harassment" others, in addition to urging, ask others to do things, but also to find the opportunity to pull small talk, talk about the heart and so on. If the project fund allows, the project team can eat a meal, sports activities, and so on to strengthen communication.
6. Work Charm
Last but not least, what makes the same level of co-workers "work for You", the author argues, is not just the project team that gives you the right to reward and punishment, but more of the charm of your personal work to infect them. Project team leader must do Shenxianshizu, speed, style, professional, the same can not be less. Oneself must do well, do well, more professional than others, more investment, you can move each other, to inspire each other.
Small and medium-sized enterprises have limited resources, there is no need to perfection as large enterprises-the establishment of a complete functional institutions, but should implement the "small departments, large projects" management system, on the basis of the retention function operation, the task according to the project to manage, its core is the functional work into the project, the formation of functional and project composite matrix organization Let the functional department manage "compulsory", let the project team manage "free routines".
To this end, the enterprise to the administrative and functional departments as far as possible to streamline and reduce the size of the project and project teams to expand, as far as possible to transfer resources to a business, mission-critical project management system, improve the proportion of the target operators, strengthen the strength of frontline project personnel. Small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the high-speed growth period of the enterprise, in the case of rapid growth in external traffic, can imitate the combat forces and wartime management model, minimize the executive work, increase the proportion of project tasks, will be converted into the project of the work of all converted into a project, the implementation of project management model.
In general, small and medium-sized enterprises to implement project management, from the beginning of pilot exploration to full implementation and institutionalized, systematic, process, the entire cycle takes 1 years, the management of the poor foundation of the enterprise needs 2-3 years, usually through five stages.
The first stage: the concept of identity. People who are generally opposed to and skeptical of new things are not at the grassroots level, but at the decision-making and management level of the enterprise. Involving the management of projects, There are often five objections from corporate executives: 1. Past success models have made them complacent and conservative; 2. Do not understand the project management, so cautious, take evasive attitude to reduce risk; 3. Do not agree with the concept of decentralization of project management, do not want the project manager to take away some of the resource allocation rights in their hands; 4. Sectoral interests and the game of corporate political small groups; 5. Fear of excessive investment, increased costs, and the combination of the two management models lead to instability, affecting the achievement of business performance and business objectives. In response to these resistance, you can't expect to impress decision-makers and management with a well-prepared presentation or an exciting presentation, and you can't expect to use a lot of data to tell them what IBM and GE are doing to persuade them. The board and the management are most concerned about what the project management can bring to the business-higher efficiency or more chaotic management. To fight for their support, it is most persuasive to speak the truth. You can do it yourself, or you can use a third-party force-a training and consulting firm, a project that has been successfully completed in the enterprise, and compare it with the results of the old practice, allowing the company to analyze and judge on its own, so that they may choose from their heart. You can use these results to confidently announce that we have a lot of work to do in this way and will achieve similar successes that can create millions of values for the company. Only then will the decision-making and executive level allow you to try out project management in your business. The Promoter's role in implementing the project management process is very important, and is the commander in Chief of Enterprise organization transformation.
Phase II: Exploratory trials. Change can not be anxious, even if the manager has the top level of support, but also on the reform of the chest, the plan has been relatively mature, but also should be the situation, step into the implementation. My advice is that management can organize internal discussions, in order to meet the urgent tasks encountered in the Organization operations or urgent problems, with the help of consultants to first set up several major tasks, the attempt to form a cross-functional project team, according to the requirements of project management implementation. Through a preliminary attempt to familiarize yourself with the project management approach.
Phase III: Overall start-up. On the basis of the success of the exploratory experiment, the enterprise can implement the project management in the whole organization, set up the project office in the general Manager's office, and be the director of the Project Office, together with the senior management team, responsible for the project, planning, tracking, evaluation, coordination and summary of the company's various projects. At this stage, you can run and manage more than 10 projects at the same time. It should be noted that after the project is more, a set of files must be set up for all projects, graded for the project, and managed according to the maturity of the project. This is not only conducive to project communication and reporting, but also because different levels of project requirements are not the same, coordination and allocation of resources.
Stage four: System solidification. At this stage, the content of the project management will be closely combined with the enterprise's development strategy and the annual plan, establish the performance appraisal and incentive mechanism, put this management system into all the management system of the enterprise, form the new mechanism of the enterprise, the most important task of this stage is to fix the achievement of the Prophase project management through the system.
Fifth stage: deep rooted. This is the project management at the highest level of success in the enterprise, project management in the successful implementation of the enterprise, from the high-level team to the general staff of the concept of project management and practice are highly recognized, then the project management concept has penetrated into the enterprise's consciousness, become an important part of the enterprise culture, into the professional work habits of employees. In the concept of introduction, but also to cultivate a culture of project management, in the enterprise to form a kind of everyone willing to participate in project work, everyone has the courage to bear the project risks, everyone is enthusiastic about the project progress, everything to promote the success of the work atmosphere of the project. Under the project management mechanism, the employee may be both the captain of the project and the team member of the project, and through the infiltration management mode, the staff can change their thinking in this process, forming the friendly work attitude of helping others to succeed, which is helping their success, and gradually evolve into a new element of enterprise culture.
Lightweight project Management
Reduce reliance on project managers and project members in project management. Project management According to the "project → task → incident" way, "top-down" to the work of the deployment, personnel mobilization and resource allocation. All the information involved in the execution of the project will be summarized, compiled, and graphically presented in the form of "events → tasks → projects".
Comprehensiveness of single project management
In the project management, we need to take into account all aspects of project management such as: Project resource allocation, Phase Division, Project milestone setting. Need to have perfect project task management, team management, financial management, contract management, document management, time management, performance management.
Have Project communication platform
Only by communicating well can we talk about project management. In the communication platform of the collar software, the activity flow is used to record the project implementation process and drive the project execution force. The communication process of project execution is recorded through the activity flow of class micro-blogging, and the information is synchronized to the project, associated to the task, linked to the customer, and associated to the colleague. Such communication records exist in the project activity flow, task activity flow, customer activity flow, personal activity flow, facilitate the retrospective, on the one hand, the knowledge of the essence of the record to form an enterprise knowledge base, conducive to heritage, on the other hand to eliminate information island, reduce the phenomenon of wrangling, responsibility is clear, to avoid inter-departmental shifting.
Multi-project Management
In satisfying the comprehensiveness of single project management, it is also necessary to be competent in multi-project management, to distill the data of each project into dynamic graphs, and provide a strong decision-making basis for management. For example, in multi-project management, there are the following data graphs:
1. Project Swimlane Map--show the investment and income of all projects;
2. Project dynamic map-to show the overall progress of the project;
3. Project time Assessment-to show the cost of human resources invested in all projects;
4. Quarterly Review of the project-a tool to show the collection, payment and contractual funding of all projects;
5. Project Gantt Chart-provides a plan Gantt chart and a tracking Gantt to master the task's schedule and task execution, and to understand the progress of the work.
Michael Gerber, Michael Gerber, in the E-myth Revisited, said: "At least 40% of new U.S. companies are declared bankrupt each year." How much is this number in China? I believe it will not be lower. We can see every day there are enterprises down, every day there are enterprises to stand up. We also see that the unexpected development of the Internet and technology is driving corporate decision-making more and more like gambling, information technology offers too many possibilities to make the original volatile market environment more MO, more and more enterprises are no longer expected to expand the scale and market growth, instead began to focus on internal, focus on training, Mining Enterprise management Dividend, take appropriate change action, in order to realize the steady operation of the enterprise.
Peter Drucker, referring to the management of the future Enterprise, said: "All possible expansion of the ' resources ' can only be human resources." People, in all the resources that people can get, are the only ones that can continue to grow and develop. ”
Project management solves two of the most basic problems in the enterprise: to respond to external demands and changes quickly, to release the most valuable energy in the enterprise--the power of human beings, to gain a sense of accomplishment and work passion in the hierarchy, to inspire the desire for inner creation, and to find the meaning of dignity and work in the new and mutually beneficial organization.
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Petter Liu
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Introduction of enterprise project management
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