Marco the first week of operation of the 3rd phase Viban

1, describe the composition of the computer and its functions. Controller (Control):

is the central nervous system of the whole computer, its function is to explain the control information prescribed by the program, control it according to its requirements, dispatch program, data, address, coordinate the work of each part of the computer and access of memory and peripherals.

Operator (Datapath):

The function of an operator is to perform various arithmetic and logical operations on the data, i.e. processing the data.

Storage (Memory):

The function of memory is to store programs, data and various signals, commands and other information, and when necessary to provide this information.

Inputs (input system):

The input device is an important part of the computer, the input device and the output device are called external devices, referred to as peripherals, the role of the input device is the program, raw data, text, characters, control commands or data collected in the field of information input to the computer. Common input devices are keyboard, mouse, photoelectric input machine, tape drive, disk drive, CD-ROM machine and so on.

Outputs (output system):

The output device and the input device are also important parts of the computer, which output the intermediate result or the final result of the machine, all kinds of data symbols and text or various control signals. The output devices commonly used by microcomputer are display terminal CRT, printer, laser printing machine, plotter and tape, CD-ROM machine and so on.

cpu= Controller + operator
Motherboard =I/O bus, input/output system
Storage = memory + HDD
I/O devices: keyboards, mice, scanners, monitors, etc.

2. List Linux distributions by series and describe the connection and difference between different distributions.

Slackware's longest surviving Linux distribution, known for simplicity, security, and stability

SUSE's two-time release based on Slackware in Europe's most popular edition

SLES SuSE Linux Enterprise Server, three-time release SuSE business class

OpenSUSE based on SuSE's derivative release, the interface is gorgeous

Debian's spontaneous maintenance is closest to the original Linux, requiring high user

Ubuntu based on two releases of Debian, programmers prefer

Mint based on Ubuntu's derivative release

RedHat

Rhel readhat Enterprise Linux Business Edition

Because it is used in the enterprise, the stability is very high. The release time is a new version every 18 months, and the software used is tested on fedora, so it's stable.

Centos

CentOS is an abbreviation for the Community Enterprise Operating system. Rhel source code re-compiled products, and so like Rhel, than other distributions, its stability is better. The most used system in the enterprise.

Fedora

The Redhat personal version is not available after 9.0, it was sent to the Fedora community around 2003, and it was used to test new software, so the release cycle is usually updated 6 months.

3, describe the philosophy of Linux, and according to their own understanding of its interpretation of the description.

1. All Documents:

Abstract almost all resources into file form, including hardware devices, basic communication interfaces, etc.

2, composed of a number of functions of a single program: A program to do only one thing, and do a good job

Goal: Combine small programs to complete complex tasks

3, try to avoid interacting with the user:

Goal: Automate tasks in a scripted way: (In a new video: Implement scripting to automate certain functions)

4. Save configuration information using plain text files:

Target: is a text programmer can complete the system configuration work

4, description of the use of the command on the Linux system format, details Ifconfig, Echo, TTY, STARTX, export, pwd, history, shutdown, Poweroff, reboot, Hwclock, the use of the date command , and is elaborated in conjunction with the corresponding example.

Ifconfig:configure a network interface, displaying and configuring the Networking interface

IFCONFIG-A: Displays all interface information, including down NIC (not activated)

Ifconfig eth0 up: Activates the default NIC Eth0 (conversely, down is disabled)

Ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0: Set the eth0 NIC IP and Gateway

Echo: Display text

For example: Echo ' Who am I ' output for who am I

[Email protected] ~]$ Echo ' Who am I '

Who am I

-N: Do not wrap text after output

-E: Special handling of some of the characters appearing in a string, such as

\a a warning sound; \b Delete the previous character; \c finally does not add a newline symbol;

TTY: Print display terminal connection name

[[email protected] ~]$ TTY

/dev/pts/1

STARTX: Enable x Window, actually call the start command is Xinit

Export: Displays or sets environment variables, acting only on this session, temporary modifications.

Pwd:print working directory, displaying the current working directory

[Email protected] share]$ pwd

/usr/share

History: Displays the historical history of the command, which is written to the cache file only when the system is closed. Bash_history, the next time the boot will read the history command information from the file.

!#: Executes the # # command in the history of the command, such as!2

!! : Executes the previous command

!string: Execute command The most recent command that starts with a string character

!$: Call the last parameter of the previous command

Press ESC to release and then press. function Ibid.

Shutdown: Safely shut down or restart the system.

-f:force, forced restart does not perform disk detection

-F: Disk detection on restart

-H: Power off

-R: Restart after shutdown

-T: Delay time Restart (shutdown-t 60)

Halt, Poweroff, Reboot-halt, Power-off or reboot the machine

Halt: Call the shutdown-h command shutdown, halt execution, kill the application process, perform the sync system call, the file system after the completion of the write operation will stop the kernel.

Poweroff: Shut down the machine. Not recommended with multiple users

Reboot: Call the shutdown-r command to restart

Hwclock: Hardware Time

-s:--hctosys, set the system time, whichever is the hardware time

-W:--SYSTOHC, set the hardware time, whichever is the system time

Date: Displays or sets the system time

Date: Displays the current system time

Date-u: Show UTC time

+%h: Hours

+%m: Minutes

+%s: Sec

+%m: Month

+%d: Sun

+%y: Last two digits of the year

+%y: Full year

Set time command format: date [parameter] ... [+ format]

# date-s 20160807

# date-s 12:19:50

Or

Date-s ' 20160807 12:19:50 '

Date-s ' 2016-08-07 12:19:50 '

5, how to get the Help information of the command on the Linux system, please detailed list, and describe how the chapters of the man document are divided.

Internal command (with type command to learn that commands are external or built-in commands)

#help COMMAND

External command: There is an executable program, located in a file system directory (which, Whereis)

(1) #COMMAND--help

#COMMAND-H

(2) User manual (manual)

#man COMMAND

(3) Information page

#info COMMAND

(4) Help documentation for the program itself

README INSTALL

ChangeLog

(5) Official program document

Official site: Documentation

(6) Official documents of the release version

(7) Google

The man is divided into 8 chapters: saved in the/usr/share/man/directory

Man1: User Commands

Man2: System call

MAN3:C Library Call

MAN4: Equipment files and special files

MAN5: Configuration file format

Man6: Games

MAN7: Miscellaneous

MAN8: Commands for managing classes

6, please list the Linux distribution of the basic directory name nomenclature and functional provisions.

Liunx file naming rules:

1. File names are strictly case sensitive

2. All files are located in the root directory, FHS

3. Path with/as delimiter

4. The name of each file may use any character other than/, with a single name up to 255 characters long

The Linux directory complies with the FHS standard to ensure compatibility between distributions.

LSB (Linux standards Base)

FHS: (FileSystem heirache Standard): Its main catalogue and its functions are as follows:

/boot: Directory of boot files: Kernel files (vmlinuz), boot loader (bootloader,grub) are stored in this directory

/bin: Basic commands for use by all users. Can not be associated to a separate partition, OS boot will be used by the program;

/sbin: The basic command for managing classes. cannot be associated to a partition, the program that is used by OS startup

/lib: Basic shared library files, and kernel module files (/lib/modules);

/LIB64: storage location for secondary shared library files dedicated to x86_64 systems

/etc: Configuration file directory (save text file)

/home/username: General user home directory (e.g. Terry user home directory is/home/terry/)

/root: Admin home directory (generally not required, because the actual production should not use the administrator login, to avoid misoperation)

/media: Portable mobile device mount point;

CDRom

Usb

/MNT: Temporary file system mount point

/dev: Device files and special file storage locations

B:block device, random access

C:character device, linear access

/OPT: The installation location of the third-party application is empty at first.

/SRV: The intermediate data that is used to run the service program on the system.

/tmp: Temporary files, all users have permission to use

/usr:universal shared,read-only Data

Bin: An application that ensures that the system has full functionality (available to all users)

Sbin: An application that ensures that the system has full functionality (available to administrators)

Include:header files included by C programs (c Program header files)

Lib:libraris

Share: structured independent data, such as Doc,man

Local: The installation location of the third-party application. Installed manually by the user instead of the package management software.

#除了/boot and/home are not partitioned independently.

/var:variable data files, variable file

Cache: The application caches the data directory

LIB: Application state information data

Lock: Lock file

LOG: Logs directory and file

OPT: Dedicated to storing variable data for/OPT applications

Run: Running process-related data, typically used to store PID files for a process

Spool: Application Data buffer pool

TMP: Saves the temporary system data files generated by the system two reboots.

/proc: Used to output kernel-to-process information-related virtual file systems (all files, processes also as files, pseudo-Files)

/sys: Virtual file system (also a pseudo file system) for outputting hardware-related information on the current system

/selinux:security Enhanced storage location for information such as Linux, selinux-related security policies, and more.

Marco the first week of operation of the 3rd phase Viban