"Encyclopedia of Philosophy" Ancient Philosophy (A.D. 700~ A.D. 250) (2)

It's not worth living without a look-Socrates.

Socrates was the first philosopher to think about the constituent elements of "good" life; for him, "good" life is doing the right thing to get the peace of mind, rather than obeying the moral pattern of society.

Human beings do bad things because they lack intelligence and knowledge, and then conclude that "the only good thing is that ignorance is the only thing that is bad." "Knowledge and morality are inseparable-knowledge is" The only good ", for this reason humans must constantly" check "our lives.

In order to know the world and to know oneself, human beings must realize their ignorance and abandon all their predecessors ' views. Only in this way can we discover the ultimate truth.

Worldly knowledge is only a shadow-Plato

Plato's name is Aristocles, and "Plato" is the nickname (meaning "informative") that people give to him.

Plato believed that the material world perceived by the human senses was like a shadow on the wall of a cave, but a microcosm of reality, which became the basis of the theory of rationale. The connotation of the theory of rationale is that human beings have the ability not to comprehend all things through their senses, because every thing has its corresponding "form" or "thought" in the world of thought, that is, the eternal and perfect real image of things.

Plato believed that man was divided into two parts of flesh and soul. The body controls sensory perception, through which human beings are able to understand the physical world, while the soul is in charge of reason, and the mind is understood through rational human beings. Plato further concluded that the eternal immortal soul existed in the world before the birth of mankind, and returned to the realm of thought after the death of mankind.

The human soul is eternal and immortal.

The only way to acquire knowledge is by inference, not by sensory observation.

The truth exists around us-Aristotle

Aristotle's view completely overturned Plato's theory. Plato emphasized questioning his feelings, while Aristotle relied on the evidence gathered by sensory perception to support his theory.

Human beings are not born with the ability to recognize ideal forms as Plato has said.

All things acting according to instinct are inherently good.

In Aristotle's view, thinking is like "a clean whiteboard" at the time of human birth, and any thought can only be learned through the senses.

To Aristotle, everything in the world can be explained by four causes. These four causes are material reasons, namely the constituent materials of things, form because of the form or composition of things, motive force, that is, the process of the formation of things, the ultimate cause, that is, the function of things or the purpose of production.

Aristotle summed up a set of thinking patterns, that is, three propositions consisting of two main premises and one big conclusion: if A is the same as X and B is a, B is also x. The emergence of the "three-paragraph theory" marks the birth of the first formal logical thinking system.

Although human beings are not born with ideas, but born with the intrinsic faculties of reasoning, and to learn from experience, reasoning is indispensable.

Each act must be caused by one or seven reasons: opportunity, nature, compulsion, habit, reason, anger, and desire.

Death has nothing to do with us-epicurean

The ultimate goal of life is to pursue the calm of thought.

In the field of revolutionary politics, the purpose of the Epicurean doctrine echoes the American Declaration of Independence: "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." ”

The richest of the contented-Sinop of the first

In order to live a better life, or to make life meaningful, man must break free from the various external restrictions imposed by society, and the inner discontent created by its own desires, emotions and fears. Life can be beautiful and meaningful if it is able to obey reason and instinct, to reject secular traditions without shame, to abandon the desire for wealth and pleasure, and to settle for a simple life.

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"Encyclopedia of Philosophy" Ancient Philosophy (A.D. 700~ A.D. 250) (2)