TCP/IP protocol: Volume 1 Reading Notes (1)

Chapter 1
 
1. about layering: TCP/IP protocol is divided into four layers: link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer; the layer-2 switches, layer-3 switches, and layer-2 networks we usually call follow the OSI (Open System Interconnection) layer-7 network model. In TCP/IP protocol, an application is usually a user process. The lower layer is generally run in the operating system kernel to process communication details.
 
2. the application layer and transport layer use the end-to-end protocol. The network layer provides the hop-by-hop protocol. The end system refers to the host at both ends, and the intermediate system refers to the router. ,
 
3. The IP layer provides an unreliable service. TCP provides a reliable transport layer on the IP layer. The timeout retransmission method is used.
 
4. vro: the system that runs on the IP layer (Network Layer) to forward packets. Bridge: the system that connects bridges on the link layer.
 
5. ICMP is a subsidiary protocol of the IP protocol, and IGMP is an Internet group management protocol used to multicast UDP datagram to multiple hosts.
 
6. ARP and RARP are special protocols used by some network interfaces to convert IP addresses (IP addresses <--> MAC addresses) used at the IP layer and network interface layer)
 
7. the formats of IP addresses include A, B, C, D, and E. IP addresses are classified into unicast addresses and broadcast addresses (for all hosts on A given network ), multicast address (for all hosts in the same group ).
 
8. DNS: The domain name resolution system maintains the ing between IP addresses and host names.
 
9. encapsulation: UDP is encapsulated as a TCP packet segment at the IP layer. Data on the IP layer is encapsulated in the link layer as IP datagram; data on the link layer is transmitted in an Ethernet Media frame.
 
10. Customer server model: the services provided by the server-side image client are divided into two types: duplicate or parallel hair. The concurrent server creates its own server for each customer. Generally, the TCP server is concurrent and the UDP server is duplicate.
 
11. applications using the TCP/IP protocol usually use two application programming interfaces (socket and TLI: transport layer interface ).
 
Chapter 2
 
1. Role of the Link Layer: send and receive IP datagram for the IP module; Use the ARP module to receive and send ARP responses; Use the RARP module to send RARP requests and receive RARP responses.
 
2. Ethernet: the standards published by digital equipment companies, Intel companies, and Xerox are the main LAN technologies used by TCP/IP.
 
3. SCIP: Serial Line IP, which is a simple form of encapsulation of IP datagram on a Serial Line (which Protocol does the computer Serial port use ?)
 
Chapter 3
 
1. The IP layer provides unreliable and connectionless data transmission services. Unreliable means that the IP datagram cannot be successfully delivered to the destination. unconnected means that the IP does not maintain any status information about subsequent datagram, and each datagram is independent of each other during processing.
 
2. the binary data transmission in the TCP/IP Header must be carried out in the big endian byte order (Network byte order). Machines that store binary integers in other forms, such as the little endian format, the header must be converted to the network byte sequence before data transmission.
 
3. IPV4, IPV6, IP version 4, and 6; IP address lengths: 32bit and 128bit
 
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