TCP/IP Study Notes

 

Concepts of computer communication protocols

Computer Communication Protocols are descriptions of the rules that computers must comply with in order to communicate with each other.

What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP is a communication protocol for computers connected to the Internet.

TCP/IP refers to the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ).

TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (such as computers) connect to the Internet and how data is transmitted between them.

Inside TCP/IP

TCP/IP contains a series of protocols used to process data communication:

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)-communication between applications

UDP (User packet protocol)-simple communication between applications

IP (Internet Protocol)-communication between computers

ICMP (Internet message control protocol)-for errors and statuses

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)-for dynamic addressing

TCP uses a fixed connection

TCP is used for communication between applications. When an application wants to communicate with another application over TCP, it sends a Communication Request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After both parties "Shake hands", TCP will establish a full-duplex communication between the two applications. This full-duplex communication will occupy the communication line between two computers until it is closed by either or both parties. UDP is similar to TCP, but it is simpler, and the reliability is lower than TCP.

The IP address is connectionless.

IP addresses are used for communication between computers. An IP address is a connectionless communication protocol. It does not occupy the communication line between two computers that are communicating. In this way, the IP address reduces the need for network lines. Each line can meet the communication needs of many different computers at the same time. Messages (or other data) are divided into small independent packages and transmitted between computers over the Internet. The IP address is responsible for routing each packet to its destination.

IP router

When an IP packet is sent from a computer, it will arrive at an IP router. The IP router is responsible for routing the package to its destination, either directly or through other routers. In the same communication, the path of a package may be different from that of other packages. The router is responsible for correctly addressing traffic, network errors, or other parameters.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP means that TCP/IP works together. TCP is responsible for communication between application software (such as your browser) and network software. IP addresses are responsible for communication between computers.

TCP is responsible for dividing and loading data into IP packets, and then re-combining them when they arrive. The IP address is responsible for sending the package to the recipient. TCP/IP uses 32 bits or 4 digits between 0 and 255 to address the computer.

Addressing of TCP/IP

The IP address contains four numbers: TCP/IP uses four numbers to address the computer. Each computer must have a unique 4-digit address. The numbers are between 0 and 255, and are separated by periods, such as 192.168.1.60. TCP/IP uses 32 bits for addressing. The size of a computer is 8 bits. Therefore, TCP/IP uses 4 bytes. A computer byte can contain 256 different values: 00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101, 00000110, 00000111 until 00001000. Now you know why the TCP/IP address is 4 numbers between 0 and 255.

TCP/IP protocol

TCP/IP is a large set of different communication protocols based on the two original protocols TCP and IP.

TCP-Transmission Control Protocol: TCP is used to control data transmission from applications to networks. TCP is responsible for dividing data into IP packets before data transmission, and then reorganizing them when they arrive.

IP-Internet Protocol: IP addresses are responsible for communication between computers. The IP address is responsible for sending and receiving packets over the Internet.

HTTP-Hypertext Transfer Protocol: HTTP is used for communication between web servers and web browsers. HTTP is used to send requests from the web Client (browser) to the web server and return content (webpage) from the web server to the web Client ).

HTTPS-secure HTTP: HTTPS is responsible for secure communication between the web server and the web browser. As a representative application, HTTPS is used to process credit card transactions and other sensitive data.

SSL-Secure Socket Layer: the SSL protocol is used to encrypt data for secure data transmission.

SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: SMTP is used for email transmission.

MIME-multi-purpose Internet Mail Extension: the MIME protocol enables SMTP to transmit multimedia files, including audio, video, and binary data, over a TCP/IP network.

IMAP-Internet Message Access Protocol: IMAP is used to store and retrieve emails.

POP-Post Office Protocol: POP is used to download emails from the email server to your PC.

FTP-File Transfer Protocol: FTP transfers files between computers.

NTP-Network Time Protocol: NTP is used to synchronize time (minutes) between computers ).

DHCP-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: DHCP is used to allocate Dynamic IP addresses to computers on the network.

SNMP-Simple Network Management Protocol: SNMP is used to manage computer networks.

LDAP-Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: LDAP is used to collect information about users and email addresses from the Internet.

ICMP-Internet message control protocol: ICMP handles errors in the network.

ARP-Address Resolution Protocol: ARP-used to find the hardware Address of the computer NIC based on IP addresses.

RARP-Reverse Address Resolution Protocol: RARP is used to find the IP Address of the computer NIC based on the hardware Address through the IP Address.

BOOTP-Boot Protocol: BOOTP is used to start a computer from the network.

PPTP-Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol: PPTP is used for connection (Tunnel) between private networks ).

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