The basic theory of cartography and GIS mapping (i.)

When it comes to map making, many people will hook up with cartography the first time. Yes, many theories and ideas about cartography are well suited for GIS-based mapping. It can be said that the use of GIS for electronic map production, in fact, is also a small part of cartography.

Cartography is a subject that studies the theory of map, the technique and application of map compiling. This science can be said to contain a very wide range of related theories including maps, such as reading maps, use and mapping methods, map symbols and coordinate system theory, map compilation of various ideas and means, and through the map to reflect the natural and social phenomena of the spatial distribution, revealing their own various associations and laws, To guide human social behavior.

At first glance, the main idea of cartography is very similar to the GIS subject. It's just that cartography is more about showing results, and GIS is more about getting results by analyzing geographic data. Although the main idea is a little different, their common point is also obvious, that is, the media form of communication-map.

Therefore, the cartographic theory based on GIS can basically be thought of as the cartographic theory of cartography. This is why the author introduced cartography before the beginning.

Although the following is not necessarily the reader's concern, but the author thinks, still need a brief introduction of human civilization in the map of some important development process.

The rock paintings and murals during the primitive society were the embryonic stages of the map. Its production is quite simple, there is always "ropes notes" meaning.

In Fourth century BC, Aristotle confirmed that the Earth was spherical and proposed a dimension of thought. The geography guide, published by Ptolemy in Second century, was accompanied by 27 maps of the world, reproduced in the 50 edition, and influenced for 1000 years in the west. The same period of China in the map production also has certain achievements. China's "pipe map", is the first to discuss the geographical content of the map of the special article. The map of the Western Han dynasty unearthed in Wang-dui shows that the theory and technology of ancient Chinese cartography have reached a considerable level. A.D. Third century, China's Peixiu compiled the "Gong area Map" and "topographic abbot map", put forward the "cartography six Body", which is the most incisive exposition of the principle of mapping in ancient China, the formation of the Eastern unique map technology, in China has also affected the last thousand years.

The 1405-1433-year-old Chinese navigator Zheng He's seven voyages, reflecting the western situation of the "Zheng He nautical map" is China's most detailed ancient nautical map, but also in the world to create the use of nautical chart precedent. Since then, the chart has developed rapidly with the competition for navigation expeditions and maritime hegemony in Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

In 1569, Mercator designed a positive-axis conformal cylindrical projection that was first shown on a map in the eastern and Western Hemisphere. This kind of projection map can be used to navigate the navigator in a straight line, which is popularly adopted for nautical charts, and is named "Mercator projection", and later published a Atlas named after him. With the need of aeronautics and astronautics, the Mercator projections of various horizontal and oblique axes appear successively. Mercator's work was hailed as a milestone in European cartography in the 16th century, and his atlas created a new projection of the world's entire map, reflecting the characteristics of the development of European maps at the time.

These practices and theories have laid a solid foundation for the development of cartography in the future, and the influence is very far-reaching.

?

In the 1960, Photogrammetry began to occur with the development of aviation technology and photographic technology. This is a great convenience for geo-surveying and map data acquisition with new technologies. and later, the development of rocket technology and satellite technology has brought more convenient, lower cost, higher precision and wider range of remote sensing imagery, which brings more precise material to map making.

In the same period of 1960, the United States military developed the First World Geodetic System (WGS60), a quality-centered datum (relative to gravity), which has strategic significance for the target positioning of intercontinental ballistic missiles and the development of reconnaissance satellites. Previous large-scale coordinate systems were unable to cover the global scale (such as NAD), which many consider to be one of America's greatest scientific achievements during the Cold War. But aside from the initial military and political goals of research and development, this achievement does bring important applications to maps and GIS, and now the ubiquity of the LBS application is based on the WGS84 coordinate system, its predecessor is WGS60, later became the classic of civilian GPS.

???? About 2003-2005 years, Google Earth and Google Maps, the first time through the internet to show the world's map, people have been amazed at the same time, but also to the map of the people deep reflection. The use of the map has gone beyond the traditional meaning, Google Earth and Google Maps, in Google's eyes, not the traditional map, but the search engine, is the carrier of all kinds of information, is the entrance of traffic. Map is no longer a professional patent, the general public can also change the way of consumption and travel by electronic map.

???? The introduction of so many, are almost to the edge of the topic. The author just wants to tell the reader that map technology is constantly innovating and progressing. From the above development process of cartography, basically out of the map theory and data acquisition method innovation, and map making means, methods and methods have not been introduced, after all, there are different ways to make maps, it can be said that cartography technology is of the times. In the past, there is no discussion on the way of cartography, and it is left to the archaeological readers to dig deeper.

???? Or return to this course, will be based on the theme of cartography, the use of GIS to map and plot, explore the various techniques and techniques of cartography.

Original address: http://www.cnblogs.com/lazygis/p/4865807.html

The basic theory of cartography and GIS mapping (i.)