Study the industrial strategy of the U.S. and Europe and comb China's future manufacturing keywords

Since entering the 21st century, the manufacturing industry is facing the opportunities and challenges brought by the adjustment of global industrial structure. Especially after the 2008 international financial crisis, countries in the world in order to find a new way to promote economic growth, began to pay attention to manufacturing, the European Union began to increase the overall support for manufacturing technology innovation, the U.S. National Science and Technology Commission in February 2012 officially issued the "Advanced manufacturing National strategic plan."

In addition to the United States strategic plan for advanced manufacturing countries, the German government launched the German Industry 4.0 strategy in April 2013, and the British government Science and Technology Office launched the British Industry 2050 strategy in October 2013.

The most common problem of China's promotion of industrial upgrading is to make quick profit, its essence is: do not systematically consider the problem, blindly promote innovation, can not form a real advantage, resulting in waste of resources. In the author's opinion, we should carefully study the developed countries to develop advanced manufacturing strategy, including the "U.S. Advanced Manufacturing National Strategic Plan", "German Industry 4.0 Strategy", "British Industry 2050 Strategy" and other information, carding the development of advanced manufacturing industry, the key words, combined with our national conditions, Define the direction of our future manufacturing industry.

I. Soft MANUFACTURING

From the developed Countries ' strategic planning of advanced manufacturing industry, the concept and value-added of the manufacturing industry are moving from hardware to software, services, solutions and other intangible assets. Compared with the traditional manufacturing, today's manufacturing is the software to bring hardware functions, control hardware, a great impact on the hardware. At the same time, unlike previous hardware products, the demand for goods-affiliated services or commodity-based solutions is increasing rapidly in the manufacturing industry.

The so-called soft manufacturing, is to increase the value-added products, expand more and more rich services and solutions. As opposed to hardware, products built in software, ancillary services or solutions are usually soft and intangible, are "invisible" things, it is called soft manufacturing.

In soft manufacturing, "hardware" production is no longer regarded as manufacturing, but the "software" is assumed to play a leading role in manufacturing, and the service or solution produced by goods has a great impact on the value of manufacturing. Therefore, the future of the manufacturing industry needs to abandon the traditional "hardware" mode of thinking, from the software, services to create a value-added perspective to develop the manufacturing industry.

Software-led

With the development of modularization and the integration of production equipment technology, it is easy to transfer the technology to the manufacturing center of the large scale production hardware. Due to the low threshold of transfer, many developing countries can undertake. But in recent years, developed countries continue to use software to define product function and performance, to enhance the importance of software-led innovation, so that the source of value of manufacturing products from the hardware to the software-led, and thus enhance the entry threshold of manufacturing.

The electronic product is a typical representative case. Today's electronic products, most of which are pre-installed with operating systems, embedded in a variety of software features, many electronic products through the network can also install more application software (APP). At present, even in the automotive industry such as the traditional manufacturing sector, "software determines product value" is also constantly reflected. For example, in order to realize the low fuel consumption of automobiles, it is necessary for the software to control the technical modularization of various hardware in automobile parts, and the effect of software execution will directly affect the fuel consumption of automobiles. Many developed countries are actively developing self-driving cars, to achieve automatic driving, the same can not be separated from software help.

The trend for soft manufacturing in the US is most pronounced, with American companies such as GE and IBM beginning to focus on the role of software early on. GE is now a data analysis and software company, stepping out of the manufacturing mindset and dedicated to software investment. IBM is more advanced on this point, thinking that the era of managing massive data is coming, and therefore attaches great importance to the analytical ability of the company in mathematics.

Europe, in formulating its industrial policies, has long recognized that software is the root cause of the global competitiveness of manufacturing in the future. In the framework plan for the EU, investment in basic research projects for embedded software (ARTEMIS) is as high as € 2.7 billion. Large enterprises such as Siemens and Bosch have also turned into it enterprises.

Services, Solution Business

Attaches great importance to after-sales service, customer service and response solutions business, is the development of manufacturing industry in developed countries an important trend. The business model of the future manufacturing industry is to solve the problem of customer-oriented business model. In this mode, the enterprise will not only sell hardware, but through the sale of hardware products maintenance and other after-sales service and provide a variety of follow-up services to obtain additional value.

Knowledge of services and solutions business is common in the United States, Germany and the UK. Large companies in the United States tend to standardize services, solutions, and promote them to emerging market countries. GE's initiatives in medical services are a typical case. In Germany and Britain, the "manufacturing service" has been successful, usually through the consultation of sales.

Ii. Trends from "physics" to "information"

In the past, when the manufacturing industry was mentioned, most of the components were considered to be the core of hardware products. However, with the development of encapsulation and digitalization, the production and processing technology of parts and components has been accelerated to the emerging market countries, and the profits of the parts themselves have been difficult to maintain. Therefore, the developed countries ' manufacturing industry began to pay more attention to the encapsulation by assembling parts and components, modularized the functions, and systematized the series functions to enhance the added value.

Modularity is the assembly of standardized components to design products. The advantage of this is that it can quickly respond to the diversified needs of the market and meet the diverse needs of consumers. In the past, in the production process, the need to pay a lot of time and cost, if the complex products through several modules to assemble, can solve the problem of diversification and efficiency.

However, modularity itself is only a function of the product, the future manufacturing industry will pay more attention to the modularization and encapsulation based on the systematization, to expand new applications and services. If the system-led, can be compared to the "physical" sense of the components, to obtain more information with the added value of the function. On the contrary, without dominating the system, no matter how good the quality and function of the parts being developed, it is difficult to become the market leader.

American enterprises have been acquiring additional value in the upstream part of the value chain such as research and design, which embodies the system-oriented thinking mode. Enterprises located in the upper reaches of the value chain should not be oriented to parts and components in order to absorb additional value, but should be system-oriented to control the market. GE's core technology is the system, which has been transformed into an energy system company in the 80 's, and the successful experience will no doubt be applied to areas such as GE's vigorously promoted medical services.

Germany's "Industrial 4.0" strategy, the core is the physical information System (CPS), Germany's Siemens, Bosch and other large enterprises have a high degree of awareness of systematization. Among them, Bosch has launched a packaging system based on AUTOSAR international standards, and is vigorously exploring emerging markets such as India and China.

Iii. the trend from "group" to "individual"

After the developed countries will transfer the production base of mass production manufacturing industry with scale as the target to the emerging market countries, many kinds of small-batch manufacturing industry with customization as its focus is becoming the mainstream in the mainland. The future trend of manufacturing industry in developed countries will be as many experts ' consensus, according to personalized needs to be customized to form a "mass customization" trend. At the same time, consumers themselves will be able to put their own needs into manufacturing.

With the technological innovations of digital and information technology that are represented by the printing of the big print, the entry threshold for manufacturing will be minimized, and individuals without factories and production equipment can easily participate in manufacturing. The lowering of the entry threshold for manufacturing means that there are some unexpected companies or individuals involved in manufacturing, which can make a big difference to the business model.

"Personalization" is the first of the United States to vigorously promote. In the American cultural background, the individuality is more intense than the organization color. The "personalized" trend of manufacturing industry is reflected in the return of American manufacturing. Some cities have begun to emerge in urban areas, focusing on the production engineering of highly efficient and professional small-scale, hand-made manufacturing, which is focused on information technology. They according to consumer demand for flexible customization services, by virtue of superior design, with a large number of production to form a differentiated competition.

Iv. Interconnection Manufacturing

Many of our products are beginning to be able to access the Internet, society is constantly networked. Smart phones So, home appliances, "information appliances" is also the case, as the car gradually entered the age of automatic driving, perhaps the future of the car will be just a network terminal. Products around the network, as the important significance of systematization, "interconnection manufacturing" represents the control of the network's dominant. Moreover, from the network externality, the leading enterprises will take the lead for a long time to gain the first-mover benefits.

With the popularization of information technology, Internet and electronic commerce, the new requirements of manufacturing market competition have changed. On the one hand, manufacturing enterprises are required to be able to obtain information on a continuous basis and to make rapid response to market demand; On the other hand, manufacturers are required to integrate and share all kinds of resources and utilize resources rationally.

Interconnection manufacturing can quickly respond to market changes and quickly deploy manufacturing resources through rapid reorganization and dynamic collaboration of manufacturing enterprises. This improves the quality of the product while reducing the time it takes to put the product on the market and increase the market share. At the same time, can also share infrastructure construction costs, equipment investment costs, reduce business risk.

In addition, as a future trend, the factory will be through the Internet, to achieve the network of internal and external services, towards the trend of the interconnection factory. Subsequently, the collection and analysis of the production workshop of various information, to the consumer feedback, will be collected from the factory information as large data through interpretation, can open up more new business opportunities. The processing of the massive data collected from the workshop will also determine the value of service and solution to a large extent.

The United States because of Google, Apple, IBM and other IT giants and countless IT companies, so in large data applications more positive, attaches great importance to the community to bring new value. Google's continued takeover of manufacturing companies is a desire to dominate. At the same time, as a representative of large manufacturing enterprises in the United States, GE also began to strengthen data analysis and software development, from the workshop to collect data, analysis, provide solutions, open up new business opportunities.

Germany sees "industrial 4.0" as a national strategy, and it sees factory intelligence as a national policy. Through information technology, maximize the capacity of the plant itself. Finish）

Compiling: Center for international Economic and Technical cooperation, Ministry of Industry and Information technology Wang Xiwen

(Responsible editor: Mengyishan)