The meaning of the restriction

Reread "Introduction to Human engineering", found that many basic psychology of the http://www.aliyun.com/zixun/aggregation/6551.html "> Research results, and is not well applied in the design, here extracts the principle of working memory limitations, and the design principle of this elucidation, with everybody share.

Working memory, also known as short time memory, is a relatively short, memory way of storing a limited amount of information. Working memory, as a temporary memory, is always active when we use it.

Limitations of working memory

Capacity

As we all know, the upper limit of working memory is approximately 7±2 (miller,1956).
A block (chunk) is a storage unit in working memory space, and our working memory can accommodate 7±2 letters or numbers, and can also hold 7±2 words or familiar dates.

Time

The intensity of information in working memory fades over time, unless the information can be constantly activated or used.

Confusion and similarity

The group of letters e G B D V C of this order is more unlikely to be extracted from the working memory accurately because the former has a great confusion in auditory characteristics, which is often overlooked because people are familiar with visual coding and ignore speech coding.
Repetition also leads to confusion: "8553" is more likely to be erroneously recalled as "8533".

Attention and similarity

Working memory is limited by resources and relies more on the effective attention resources that we provide. If such resources are completely assigned to another task at the same time, it will fade more quickly.
Attention to distraction is not necessarily the result of deliberately interfering with working memory. According to the Baddeley working memory model, the visual spatial memory template is more susceptible to the interference of space tasks, such as pointing task or tracking task, the voice ring is more susceptible to other language or language-oriented tasks, such as the hearing task (Wickens, 1983;wickens,2002).

The limitations of working memory provide some key principles for human design:

Minimizing the load of working memory

During the completion of a task, you must keep the number of time and alphanumeric items in your working memory at a minimum. In general, designers should try to avoid people using longer arbitrary numbers or digital strings (peacock&peacock-goebel,2002).

Provide visual feedback.

No matter where a synthetic voice is used to convey language information, the visual form of the information (printed text) is needed to match each other so that the working memory of the material used by the human will not fade quickly.

Provides location space for sequence tasks

The operations of some tasks may be similar in form or feedback and require a lot of steps. If you can provide a visualization of what steps have been completed, then it is good for these tasks to be done. As a result, those who are easily distracted do not need to return to the task or restart (gray,2000) because they have forgotten what they have done.

Using the group block

We already know how chunks increase the amount of material kept in working memory. And how to facilitate the transformation of information into long-time memory. Therefore, any method that can use the block is beneficial. Here are a few factors to consider when creating a group block.

Physical group block size. Renders any string of letters, numbers, or both, the best chunk size, each containing 3 to 4 digits or letters (bailey,1989;peacock&peacock-goebel,2002;wickelgren,1964).
Meaningful sequence. such as 555, 4321 or a cheap name such as information such as such a meaningful sequence.
Letters precede numbers. In general, because letters are more meaningful, it is easier to form chunks than numbers. Advertising is the use of this principle to contain 8 pieces of the number string 1-800-663-5900, into only 3 blocks, which can greatly improve the capacity of working memory.
Keep numbers and letters separate. For example, a machine nameplate containing 1 digital and 1-letter blocks, such as 458 GST, is more likely to remain in working memory than a combination of numbers and letters, such as 4g58st or 4g58 ST.

Minimize confusion

You can use the deletion of common elements that can create confusion, for example, the possibility of confusion between 3 and 2 is more confusing than between A5433 and A5423.
Space separation can also reduce the likelihood of confusion (hess,detweiler,ellis,1999). Displaying four different numbers in four different windows is easier to remember than using only one window loop to display four numbers. Because the location of the space can represent a static, differentiated clue, it can reduce the likelihood of confusion between projects.

The order should be considered in the deixis to avoid the "negation"

When the deixis is used to support emergency procedures, there is no possibility of error. When we understand a sentence, most of the words in the sentence need to be kept in working memory until the meaning of the whole sentence is understood. Therefore, longer sentences are more prone to problems.
As an example of the following program instruction: "Before doing X and Y, do a." ”
Here, the X and Y must be remembered until a appears.
The better way to express it is in the following order: "Do A." Then do X and Y. ”

The negation adds a chunk to the working memory. Even if "negative" can be perceived, it may be forgotten in working memory. So the user may make the opposite of what the indicator is.