1. The origin and development of Unix
Unix is one of the earliest widely used computer operating systems. Its first version was implemented by Ken Thompson at AT&T Bell Labs in 1969. In 1973, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie rewritten the third version of Unix in C language. Kernel.
In 1969, the first version of the Unix system (implemented by Ken Thompson at AT&T Bell Labs)
Late 1970s: AT&T established a Unix system laboratory
Late 1970s: CSRG (University of California, Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group) uses Unix to conduct research on operating systems
BSD Unix and Unix System V form the two mainstreams of Unix today
2. The development of open source
Source code refers to uncompiled text files written in accordance with certain programming language specifications. Open source code means that program developers disclose their own code files to others to learn, use or modify. At first, Unix was also an open source in AT&T Labs. Code projects, so the source code of Unix can be easily obtained. However, with the widespread use of Unix, AT&T began to recognize the value of Unix. In 1979, a special Unix Laboratory (USL) was established, and AT&T also announced its support for Unix. Ownership and commercialization; this also led to the release of BSD Unix by CSRG; in 1983, in order to oppose the trend of privatization of software ownership, Richard Stallman initiated the GNU project to promote the development of open source code, and developed a lot of software for this. And created the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and formulated the GNU General Public License, and put forward the concept of "copyleft";
3. The birth of
Linux
In 1991, Finnish university student Linus Torvalds released the first version of Linux 0.02 under the GPL regulations; Linux originated from Unix, and inherited the stability and high efficiency of Unix.
The Linux kernel project was created by Finnish Linux Torvalds
In October 1991, the first public version of Linux, version 0.02 was born
In March 1994, linux version 1.0 was released
4.
Linux and GNU
Linux follows the GPL copyright license agreement. Because of the GNU development philosophy, Linux has achieved rapid development. What we generally refer to as Linux should actually be GNU/Linux.
GNU (GNU Is Not UNIX)
GNU aims to eliminate restrictions on software copying, distribution and modification
GNU logo: Buffalo
The founder of GNU: Richard Stallman
GPL (GNU General Public License)
GPL guarantees that GNU software is free for all users through agreement
The linux kernel project is GNU Linux following the GPL
LGPL (Lesser General Public License)
LGPL relative to GPL terms is relatively loose for developers
LGPL provides more space for using the Linux platform to develop commercial software
LGPL V2 and V3 are currently in mainstream use, and BSD License is also more popular
5.
Linux version
The Linux version inherits the Unix version customization rules, divided into kernel version and release version
Kernel version: The kernel is a core. Other software is based on this core and cannot be used directly. The kernel version is uniformly released on http://www.linux.org. The kernel version is divided into stable version and development version. The distinction is based on the minor version. For parity determination, the odd number is the development version, and the even number is the stable version.
Release version: released by various Linux distributors, and Linux distributors have the right to choose the Linux kernel version. Common Linux distributions: RedHat, CentOS, Debian, Ubuntu.
6. Current Status and Development of Linux
The Linux operating system has developed rapidly. The global Top500 supercomputers released data show that 89.2% of the supercomputers run on the Linux operating system; the desktop operating system market share is not high, but it is expanding year by year; international companies Intel, Google, IBM, etc. Both have increased R&D investment on the Linux operating system, bringing sufficient stamina for the long-term development of the Linux operating system. Domestic operating system R&D organizations and manufacturers have also increased their investment accordingly in order to narrow the technology gap with international Linux manufacturers. However, the development of Linux still faces problems such as poor compatibility, lack of software, and the splitting of the Linux operating system due to numerous versions. Mastering the core technology and solving the key development issues currently facing Linux is a top priority.
The development status of foreign Linux operating system
Major foreign distributions include redhat, ubuntu, Suse, etc., and they all provide two different versions of desktop and server. The development of Linux operating system in the server field is relatively mature, the development of desktop is relatively slow, and the development of embedded field is relatively fast.
Redhat
RHEL is the current benchmark for Linux server products, and it occupies a major market share of Linux servers both domestically and internationally. RHEL products have comprehensive functions, complete product certifications, and high user acceptance. RHEL mainly relies on technical services and product maintenance for profit. Since Redhat 9.0, it no longer releases the desktop version, but cooperates with the open source community for this project, so Fedora is the Linux distribution. At present, Fedora's role in Redhat is mainly to provide a development basis for RHEL. Fedora's interface and operating system are very similar to RHEL, and users will feel very familiar; in addition, Fedora has been introducing new technologies quickly; and Fedora has always adhered to the principle of absolute open source. And because of the status and influence of Redhat in Linux, it is used by many enthusiasts.
Suse
After SLES was acquired by Novell, the competitiveness of its products has been greatly improved. The biggest advantage of SLES lies in its rich application solutions. SLES also relies on technical services and product maintenance for profit. SUSE's yast2 configuration tool has always been recognized in the industry as a very complete installation and system tool, which can perform most of the system configuration functions; in addition, the cooperation between SUSE and 67 Microsoft also makes SUSE have a certain degree of interoperability with Windows Advantage;
Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a desktop version that has made rapid progress in recent years. It relies on fast startup, high-speed online upgrades, and good ease of use. It has quickly won many users. Ubuntu plans to emphasize ease of use and internationalization so that it can be used by as many people as possible; at the same time, due to the large number of software warehouse mirrors, the software package installation speed is very fast; the ease of use of Ubuntu has been appreciated by many users;
It can be said that Linux has penetrated into all aspects of our lives.
