The stunning psychological effects

Absrtact: 1. Wallach effect Ottowalach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success is legendary. Wallach at the beginning of the middle school, the parents chose a way of literature for him, but one semester down, the teacher wrote him such a remark:

1. Wallach effect

Otto Wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success is legendary. Wallach at the beginning of the middle school, the parents for him to choose a way of literature, but one semester down, the teacher wrote his comments: "Wallach very hard." However, it is difficult to cultivate the material of literature. Since then, the parents again let him change to learn oil painting, but Wallach is not good at composition, and will not Polish, the first in the class. In the face of such "clumsy" students, most teachers think he became hopeless, only chemical teachers think that meticulous work, with the quality of chemical experiments, and suggested that he study chemistry, this Wallach the spark of wisdom was suddenly ignited, and finally achieved success.

Wallach's success illustrates the truth that students ' intellectual development is unbalanced, with strong and weak points of wisdom, and once they have found the best point to play their wisdom, so that the full play of intelligence, they can achieve amazing results. Posterity called this phenomenon "Wallach effect".

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2. Threshold effect

The so-called threshold effect, refers to a person accepted a lower level of requirements, appropriate guidance, often gradually accept the higher levels of demand. The effect was put forward by American social psychologist Friedman and Fresseux in a field experiment in 1966 to do pressure-free submission: Home Ridge Technology.

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3. Symbiosis effect

There is a phenomenon in nature: when a plant grows alone, it appears short and monotonous, while growing with many similar plants, it is deep-rooted and lively. The phenomenon of mutual influence and mutual promotion in the plant world is called "symbiosis effect". In fact, there is a "symbiotic effect" in our human community. British "Cardivan Laboratory" from 1901 to 1982, there have been 25 Nobel laureates, is a "symbiotic effect" an outstanding example.

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4. Stereotype Effects

Social Psychology argues that the effects of stereotype on people are called "stereotypes". It is a fixed and general view of the human person, thus creating a stereotype. This phenomenon is often seen in schools, where teachers are gifted and academically excellent

Students, the face often show a favorite look, and be valued and favored. The students who are stupid and have poor grades tend to be discriminated against, and the teacher shows impatience and boredom, which is often on the tip of the tongue. Practice has proved that often by this "treatment" of students, will feel cold water poured body, lost the study of confidence, lost the courage to overcome difficulties, resulting in decadent emotions.

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5. The first effect

The first cause effect is sometimes called the function of the first impression, which refers to the influence of the perceptual object to the perceived person to leave the first impression on the social consciousness. Specifically, is the first contact with people or things, in the psychological formation of a person or something with emotional factors, thus affecting the subsequent evaluation of the person or the matter. So, we can see that this effect is detrimental to the analysis of the correct information collected in the decision making. Whether the first impression is good or bad is one-sided, not conducive to a comprehensive understanding, analysis.

The effect of first impressions is called the first cause effect. According to the first impression to evaluate a person's good or bad, often more biased. If you are looking for a job test and an employee's performance, you will be blinded by some superficial phenomena.

The first effect in the recruitment process is mainly two aspects: first, judge by appearances. For the good-looking, elegant candidates easily win the examiner's goodwill, the second is to take people, those eloquent, fluent often give people a good impression. Therefore, in the selection of talent, we should listen to their words, look at their appearance, but also to observe its line, test its performance.

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6. Proximate effect

Proximate effect refers to an advantage in the mind of a person's or something's recent performance, thereby altering a consistent view of the person or thing. The proximate effect and the first-cause effect are the two corresponding effects. The first cause effect is generally in the unfamiliar situation, and the proximate effect is generally influenced by the familiar situation. Both are one-sided understanding of people or things and subjective judgment, making decision information distorted.

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7. Halo effect (halo effect)

Halo effect means that someone or something is impressed by its outstanding features and ignores other psychological and behavioral qualities. It sometimes produces a "positive halo", sometimes produces "negative negative halo", which will interfere with the evaluation of information, to overcome the halo effect must adhere to the objective, not doping subjective components.

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8. Butterfly Effect

In the 1960, when Professor Lorenz, the American Massachusetts Institute of Science, studied the issue of "long-term weather forecasts", there was a problem: she used a set of simplified data to simulate the evolution of the weather, originally intended to use computer high-speed computing to improve the accuracy of the weather forecast. However, many calculations have shown that very small differences in initial conditions can lead to erroneous conclusions. Psychological mood is also the case, there is a group of cartoons show that a person in the unit by the leadership of a meal, the heart is very angry, home to the wife launched a temper, the wife was training without reason, also very angry, slam the door and go. Walking in the street, a pet dog stopped the road, "barking" barking, the wife more angry, a kick in the past, the puppy was kicked, running past an old man, the old man startled. It happened that the old man had a heart attack, was suddenly rushed out of the puppy a scare, the spot heart attack, died.

Lorenz found a great contrast between the tiny differences, she uses an image metaphor to express the discovery that a tiny butterfly vibrates its wings over Brazil, and its stirred little swirls converge with other currents, possibly causing a storm in the American Texas State one months later-the famous "Butterfly Effect" in chaos.

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9. The Rosenthal Effect

The American psychologist Rosenthal examines a school, randomly from each class smokes 3 students altogether 18 people writes on a form, handed to the headmaster, extremely earnestly said: "These 18 students have been scientifically measured IQ is very high." "After six months, Roche came to the school and found that the 18 students did perform exceptionally.

The Rosenthal effect is the resonance phenomenon in the expectation psychology. Apply to personnel management, it requires the leadership of subordinates to put feelings, hopes and special induction, so that subordinates can play their own initiative and creativity. If the leader in a task, may wish to say to subordinates: "I believe you will be able to do well," I would like to hear your success early news. "The subordinates will develop in the direction you expect, and the talent will be generated in anticipation."

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10. Bell Effect

The preacher-and-scholar Bale was highly gifted, and more than one person predicted that he would win many Nobel Prizes if he studied crystal and biochemistry after graduating. But Bell was willing to go the other way--to put forward a pioneering subject to guide others to the heights of science.

Bell effect revelation: Think of success, the scene of success will be formed in the heart, with the confidence of success, success has half grasp. So success is not so difficult to imagine, he sometimes need is only your courage, which is what the General people lack!

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11. Catfish Effect

Once the Norwegians had caught sardines at sea, the price would have been several times higher than the dead fish if they had been able to get them alive, but only one fishing boat could have brought live fish back to Hong Kong. Later, it was found that the boat was just one more catfish in the fish tank. Originally when the catfish into the fish trough, because of the unfamiliar environment, will swim around, and sardines found this "heterogeneous", will also be accelerated by tension and swimming. As a result, sardines prolong life. This is the "catfish effect".

The use of catfish effect, through the individual "Midway intervention", the group played a competitive role, it is in line with the operational mechanism of talent management. At present, some units of the public enrollment and competition, is a good example. This method can make people have a sense of crisis to better work.

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12. Tidal effects

Sea water because of the gravity of the celestial body surges, gravity is a big tide, gravitational small appears neap. This is a tidal effect. So is the relationship between talent and social times. The society needs the talented person, the time calls the talented person, the talented person then emerges. For a unit, we must adjust the treatment of talent to achieve a reasonable allocation of talent, thereby increasing the attractiveness of the unit to talent. Now many well-known enterprises have put forward such a human resources management concept: to pay attention to attract people, to the feelings of cohesion, to cause motivate people.

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13. Business Card Effect

There is a young job seeker, the applicant several units are rejected, feel very frustrated. Finally, he held a gleam of hope to apply for a company, before this, he first inquired about the history of the company's boss, through understanding, he found that the company's boss has similar experience with himself, so he was a treasure, in the application, he talked with the boss of his job-seeker manager, as well as his own underappreciated indignation, sure enough, This words won the boss's appreciation and sympathy, and eventually he was hired as a business manager. This is called the business card effect. That is, two people in contact, if the first show that their attitude and values are the same, it will make the other person feel you and he has more similarities, so quickly narrowing the psychological distance with you, more willing to close with you, forming a good interpersonal relationship. Here, consciously and purposefully, the attitudes and opinions shown to each other are introduced to each other as business cards.

Proper use of "psychological business card", can facilitate the establishment of interpersonal relationships as soon as possible, but to make "psychological business card" play its due role, first of all, to be good at capturing each other's information, grasp the true attitude, look for its positive, you can accept the point of view, "make" an effective "psychological business card." Second, find the right time to "show" your "mental card" to each other, so you can reach your goal. Mastering the application Art of "psychological business card" has great practical value for interpersonal communication and memory processing.

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14. Opposite Sex effect

Ms. Li is the public relations manager of a company. She has a wide range of contacts, the apprenticeship to win, for the company under the illustrious exploits. The company's raw materials are scarce, materials branch comrades around, but repeatedly hit the wall, and Ms. Li out of contact, soon the problem will be solved. Company capital turnover serious failure, urgent need for loans, the general manager like a hot cat ants. It was Ms. Li, who was in the bank and got millions of dollars in loans. Ms. Li is therefore highly regarded as a leader, with wages and bonuses added. Some people try to sum up the secret of Ms. Li's success, and find that besides having a sober mind, agile eloquence, rich knowledge and experience, things to treat others flexibly, she has a great relationship with her dignified appearance and elegance instrument.

In daily life, we can often see the male salesperson reception women customers, generally more enthusiastic than the reception of male customers. Ms. Li's success is mainly due to: today's society is still a big advantage of men's society, out of office to deal with the majority of men and women to come forward more smoothly, which is the psychological so-called "heterosexual effect."

This phenomenon is based on the attraction of the opposite sex. People are generally interested in the opposite sex, especially in the appearance of pleasing to the opposite sex, the right of the heterosexual, this is no exception for women, but not as obvious as men to women. Sometimes in order to attract attention to the opposite sex, men are particularly fond of expressing themselves in front of women, which is also the "opposite effect" at work.

But the "heterosexual effect" cannot be abused. It is normal for women to look beautiful and likable, and to act easily in front of the opposite sex if they are properly interacting with each other. Men on the opposite sex, especially young and beautiful heterosexual warm some, polite also justifiable, but the opposite sex as a stimulus, fantasy, people feel "bedroom", it exceeds the limit, therefore, with the opposite sex to grasp the "degree".

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15. Decentralized effect of responsibility

March 13, 1964 Night 3:20, a young woman named Junoby was assassinated on her way home from a bar in front of an apartment outside New York. When she cried out in desperation, "Somebody's going to kill someone! help!" Hearing the shouting, the nearby occupants lit up the lights and opened the window, and the murderer scared away. When all was calm, the murderer returned to the crime. When she shouted again, the nearby occupants turned on the lights again, and the murderer fled again. When she thought that nothing had happened, and went back to her house, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, though she cried out for help, at least 38 of her neighbors went to the window to watch, but no one came to save her, and no one even called the police. This time caused the New York society's sensation, also caused the social psychology worker's attention and the ponder. The phenomenon of such a large number of bystanders to leave the case is called the decentralized effect of responsibility.

As for the reasons for the formation of the decentralized effect of responsibility, psychologists have conducted a large number of experiments and surveys, and found that this phenomenon can not only be said to be the people's callous, or moral increasingly bankrupt performance. Because on different occasions, people's assistance behavior is indeed different. When a person is in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he will be conscious of his responsibility and help the victims. If he does nothing, he will feel guilty and guilty, which requires a high psychological cost. And if there are many people present, the responsibility for helping the caller is shared, cause the responsibility is dispersed, each person share the responsibility is very few, the bystander may even even his own that responsibility also not to realize, thus produces a kind of "I do not save, by the others to save" mentality, causes "the collective indifference" the situation. How to break the situation, this is an important task that psychologists are studying.

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16. Jensen Effect

There is an athlete called Jason, usually well-trained, strong, but in the sports arena but repeatedly failed. People use this kind of peacetime performance, but due to lack of due psychological quality and lead to the arena failure of the phenomenon known as the Jensen effect.

In daily life, "top-ranked, strong" and "track error" The only explanation of symbiosis is psychological quality problem, the main reason is the loss of heart overweight and lack of self-confidence. Some people usually "record-laden", Zhuo ran outstanding, zhongxingpengyue, resulting in a psychological set: only success can not fail. In addition to the special field, society, the State, family and other aspects of the high expectations, making its psychological increase, psychological burden overweight, such a strong psychological gain and loss of their own, how can play the level it should be!? In addition, lack of self-confidence will lead to stage fright mentality, tied to their potential to play.

How to get out of the "Jensen effect" of the cycle?

First of all, to recognize the "arena" goal, overcome the fear, the arena is not scary, but more formal than normal.

Secondly, to calmly out of the narrow shadow of the outcome, not greedy for success, only normal to play their own level. The competition is a high level of competition, but also often psychological quality of the contest, "The Brave man wins", as long as the self-confidence, a work must have a harvest.

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17. "Sour Grapes" psychology and "Sweet Lemon" psychology

"Sour grapes" psychological refers to their own efforts to do and do not get what is said to be "sour", is not good, this method can alleviate some of our pressure. For example: Others have a good thing, I do not, I really want, but in fact I can not get. At this time may wish to use the "sour Grapes" psychology, in the heart to find such things bad place, say such things "bad", to overcome their unreasonable needs.

"Sweet Lemon" Psychology thinks own lemon is sweet, "Sweet lemon" is to mean oneself all but get rid of thing is good, must learn to accept oneself. Everyone has their own advantages, have their own advantages, everyone has their own characteristics, do not easily say that they are not good, that is inferior to people, may wish to try "Sweet lemon" psychology will accept their own, gradually enhance self-confidence.

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18. The "Southerly effect"

French writer Lafontaine once wrote a fable about the north wind and the south wind than the power to see who can take off the pedestrian's coat. The north wind first came to a cold wind cold chilly, the result of pedestrians in order to resist the north wind attack, they wrap their coats tightly. The south wind slowly blows, suddenly sunny, pedestrian because feel very warm, so began to untie the button, and then take off his overcoat. It turned out that the south wind had won. This is the origin of the social psychology concept of the "southerly effect".

The inspiration of the "southerly effect" is: in dealing with the relationship between people, we should pay special attention to the method. The north wind and the south wind have to make pedestrians take off their coats, but because of the different methods, the results are very different. For example: Some students with everyone together very strong, once, two times may because you are very fierce, to others strong, the upper hand, but soon you will find that you have lost friends. We can also see that in conflict with others, conflicting, to the end is often a lose-lose, think if the study of "South Wind" two people calmly talk, the result will be much better?

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19. The effect of the Barnard

A friend once asked me what was the hardest thing in the world. I said it was the hardest money, he shook his head. Goldbach guess? He shook his head again. I say I give up, you tell me. He said mysteriously that he knew you. Indeed, the thoughtful philosophers say so.

Who I am, where I come from, where I am going, these questions began in ancient Greece, and people began to ask themselves, but they did not produce satisfactory results.

Yet, even so, people never stop pursuing themselves. Because of this, people are often lost in the ego, very susceptible to the surrounding information, and the words and deeds of others as a reference to their actions, herd mentality is a typical proof.

In fact, people in life are always unaffected by other people's influence and hint. For example, on a bus, you will find a phenomenon: a person with a big mouth yawn, there will be a few people around him can not help yawning. Some people don't yawn because they are not suggestive. Who is strongly suggestive? can be checked out by a simple test. Let a person reach out with both hands, palms facing up, and closing their eyes. Tell him now he's got a hydrogen ball on his left hand, and he's going up and down, and he's got a big rock on his right hand. Three minutes later, looking at the gap between his hands, the greater the distance, the stronger the hint.

To know oneself, psychology is called self-awareness, is the process of personal understanding of themselves. In this process, people are more susceptible to the cues from outside information, thus appearing the deviation of self-awareness.

In daily life, it is impossible for a person to reflect on himself at all times and not always put himself in the position of an outsider to observe himself. Because of this, individuals are using outside information to understand themselves. Individuals are susceptible to the cues of outside information when they are aware of themselves and often fail to perceive themselves correctly.

Psychological research reveals that it is easy to believe that a general, general description of the personality is particularly suitable for him. Even if the description is empty, he still thinks it reflects his personality. There used to be psychological family a general, almost everyone's words to let college students judge whether they are suitable for themselves, the result, the majority of college students think that this paragraph of their own portrayal of the meticulous, accurate and extremely. The following passage is the material used by psychologists, do you think it is suitable for you?

"You really need people to like and respect you. You have a tendency to criticize yourself. You have many abilities that can be your advantage, and you have some drawbacks, but you can usually overcome them. You have some difficulties with the opposite sex, although the appearance is very calm, in fact, you are worried. You sometimes doubt whether you have made the right decision or what you have done. You like to have some changes in your life, and you hate being limited. You take pride in your own ability to think independently, and others ' suggestions will not be accepted without sufficient evidence. You think it unwise to reveal yourself too frankly in front of others. You are sometimes outgoing, kind, sociable, and sometimes introverted, cautious, and silent. Some of your ambitions are often unrealistic. "--it's actually a hat that fits on the head."

A famous acrobat named Showman, who evaluates his performance, said he was popular because the program contained ingredients that everyone liked, so he made "every minute a person gets cheated". It is often thought that a general and general description of the personality is quite accurate in revealing one's own characteristics, which is called the "Barnard Effect" in psychology.

After a psychologist gave a group of people a Minnesota to play the multi-phase personality Checklist (MMPI), he took out two results to let the participants decide which one was their own. In fact, one is the result of the participant's own, and the other is the average result of the majority's answer. Participants thought that the latter more accurately expressed their personality characteristics.

The Barnard effect is very common in life. For fortune-telling, many people have consulted the fortune-teller and thought that the fortune-teller said "very accurate." In fact, those who seek help in fortune-telling themselves have the characteristics of being susceptible to innuendo. When people's mood is low, frustrated, lose control of life, so, security is also affected. A person with a lack of security, psychological dependence is also greatly enhanced, the implied by more than usual stronger. Plus, the fortune-teller is good at figuring out how people feel, and a little understanding of what the caller is feeling, and the caller will feel a sense of relief immediately. The fortune-teller's subsequent remark of a general, innocuous word would have convinced the caller.

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20. The Brother Bacon effect

In some television programs, there have been some so-called peculiar memory performances. It is generally a blackboard on the stage, and then let the audience say some words, numbers, program name, formula, foreign language words and so on, and write in order on the blackboard. The performer does not look at the blackboard in this process, but he is able to accurately say any of them according to the audience's demands, and even recite the whole contents.

This kind of performance looks very magical, actually only uses the elder brother's memory technique, has produced "the elder brother effect" Bale. This method is actually not difficult, it is to create a set of memory coding, such as ⑴--hat, ⑵--glasses, ⑶--scarf, ⑷--clothes, ⑸--belt, ⑹--trousers ... and write it down skillfully, then connect it with the material to be remembered. For example, ask you to remember a few words: ⑴ elephant, ⑵, ⑶ Bath, ⑷ fan, ⑸ bicycle, ⑹ water ... This way you can associate an elephant with a fixed-coded number one hat, reminiscent of an elephant wearing a hat on its nose. To remember the sixth "water", associate it with the trousers--the water will get the trousers wet.

By such coding association, it is not difficult to remember. Because in association, we consciously enlarge the things that we associate with, the appearance is clear and peculiar. For example, to remember the fourth word--fans and clothes when Lenovo, if the appearance of the fan blown off the clothes is very general, but if you imagine a fan wearing a down jacket, it is very strange, which makes it easier to remember this object.

There are many kinds of fixed coding of elder brother's memory, such as according to the number of each part of the body, according to the code of what can be seen after entering, according to the name number of their relatives and friends.

In the learning process we mastered this method, we can avoid the dull and monotonous memory, so that its interesting. Of course, this method of mastery is not a matter of overnight, it requires us to exercise regularly, and as far as possible to make their own strange eye-catching remarkable.

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21. Migration Effect

In learning psychology, the influence of antecedent learning on subsequent learning is called "transfer effect". It has three effects: Advance learning a promotes the effect of subsequent learning B, known as positive effect, learning a disturbance and hindering the effect of subsequent learning B, known as negative effects, and learning A has no effect on subsequent learning B, called the 0 effect.

In daily life and study, do not pay attention to the conditions of migration conditions, there will be unnecessary migration phenomenon, such as Japanese drivers in the United States, often difficult to drive, or even a car accident. This is mainly because in Japan is "car left, people right", but in the United States is the opposite. Of course, if you use a good migration effect, you may have the following effect. For example, a team of players who are selected to play golf at a baseball player, and the English-speaking people who study French, German and Spanish will generally have a better result.

Enlightenment：

First, notice that the concept, the principle of the same, similarities.

Second, pay attention to the summary of learning methods, that is, in the learning process to grasp those who have the regular way to solve problems.

Third, extensive accumulation of various aspects of learning experience.

Attention to prevent in the learning process, especially in the process of problem-solving to create a set.

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22. Feedback Effect

Feedback turns out to be a concept in physics, which is to send a portion of the energy of an amplifier's output circuit back into the input circuit to enhance or weaken the input signal effect. Psychology borrows this concept to illustrate learners ' understanding of their own learning results, and this understanding of the results has strengthened the role of learners to study harder, thus improving learning efficiency. This psychological phenomenon is called "feedback effect".

Psychologist Hurlock has done a famous psychological experiment of feedback effects:

Hurlock divided the subjects into 4 groups and completed tasks in 4 different inducements. The first group is the incentive group, each work in advance to encourage and praise; The second group is the training group, every time after work to the existence of the 1th problem should be severely criticism and reprimanded; The third group is neglected, and does not give any evaluation after each work, so that it listens silently to the other two groups for praise and criticism; the fourth group is the control group, Keep them isolated from the top three groups and give no evaluation after each job.

Results: The worst performers were the fourth Group (control group), the incentive group and the training group were significantly better than the neglected group, while the motivation group's performance increased, learning enthusiasm higher than the training group, the training group's performance has a certain fluctuation.

This experiment shows that: timely evaluation of the results of learning and activities, can strengthen the motivation of learning and activities, to promote the role of work. The effect of proper stimulation is obviously superior to criticism, and the effect of criticism is better than indifference.

In life, feedback (knowing the test scores after learning) is much better than no feedback (not knowing the test scores). Moreover, instant feedback (which is known every day for test scores) is much more effective (stimulating) than far-time feedback, which is known only after a week of test scores.

In life, feedback (knowing the test scores after learning) is much better than no feedback (not knowing the test scores). Moreover, instant feedback (which is known every day for test scores) is much more effective (stimulating) than far-time feedback, which is known only after a week of test scores.

This effect reminds us that effective feedback mechanism is the necessary condition for the achievement of the activity target, and it must be adjusted in time for the activities of others. To collect and evaluate the effects of activities in a variety of ways, both in management and in guiding activities, such as observation, on-site questioning, effect evaluation, and then timely feedback information, at any time to adjust the activity process, the existing problems, also do not have to implement the punitive way immediately, but should be targeted to explain the problem, not to accumulate problems.

In the feedback, the correct use of encouragement and criticism. Encouragement and criticism are the basic ways of grasping, and cannot be neglected. Encouragement is important, but it cannot be overstated; criticism of mistakes and questions should be timely, prudent, and not ridiculed or ridiculed. To make encouragement and criticism effective, the key is to understand and respect, with a keen sense and the wisdom of communication to the right remedy.

Enlightenment：

First, in the learning process, we must timely self feedback, to avoid the goal of learning and do not know their learning results of learning methods.

Second, pay attention to the evaluation of others, carefully summed up their strengths and weaknesses, so as to clarify their own direction.

Third, the correct treatment of their own progress, not proud of success, still insist to continue to work hard, don't lose confidence when progress is not ideal, determined to catch up.

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23. Matthew Effect

The term "Matthew effect" was first proposed by the American historian of science, Robert Morton, to generalize a social psychological phenomenon: "The eminent scientists often get more prestige than the unknown researchers, even if their achievements are similar; Reputations are usually given to researchers who are already famous, for example, that an award is almost always awarded to the most senior researcher, even if all work is done by a graduate student. ”

Economics revelation: The stronger the weak the weaker, that is, the poor more rich and poor people. The reality is that, as long as the success of each point, you will have a cumulative advantage, so that it has a greater opportunity to achieve greater success.

Matthew Effect is one of the reasons for the gap between rich and poor.

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24. Bucket effect

The capacity of a wooden bucket is determined by the shortest piece of wood, so the harm of a poor person in a team or group is great. This is what people often call "bucket effect".

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25. The rise effect

This is a positive effect on the contrary to the "breaking effect": When a big setback, the frustrated person not only not discouraged, but stimulate the change in the status quo, struggling to the upward will, so that the rapid success of the psychological effect, that is, the rise of the effect.

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26. Delayed gratification effect

Saleh to a group of 4-Year-old children said: "Put 2 pieces of sugar on the table, if you can stick to 20 minutes, and so I bought things back, these two sugars will give you." But if you can't wait so long, you'll have to have a piece, and now you can have one! It's hard for a 4-year-old to choose--the child wants 2 sugars, but doesn't want to boil it for 20 minutes;

Results: 2/3 of children chose to wait 20 minutes for 2 sugars. Of course, it is difficult for them to control their own desires, many children have to, to keep their eyes closed silly, to prevent the temptation of sugar, or arms with their heads, do not look at the sugar or singing, dancing. Some kids simply lie down and sleep--for 20 minutes!1/3 's child chooses to eat a candy now. As soon as the experimenter left, they stuffed the candy into their mouths within 1 seconds.

After 12 years of tracking, every child who has survived 20 minutes (16 years old) have a strong self-control ability, affirmation, full of confidence, the ability to deal with problems, strong, willing to accept the challenge, and the choice to eat 1 candy children (also 16 years old), the performance is hesitant, paranoid, jealous, neurotic, to mess with right and wrong, Willful, unable to withstand setbacks, self-esteem vulnerable. After decades of follow-up, it was also proved that children who had the patience to eat two sweets were more likely to succeed in their careers.

This small experiment of self-control, judgment and self-confidence in childhood predicts the effect of his personality when he grows up, called the delayed gratification effect or the candy effect.

The experiment proves that self-control ability is a kind of comprehensive ability to control, adjust and restrain impulse, resist temptation, defer gratification and persistently guarantee the realization of goal without outside supervision.

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27. Ziganik Effect

Ziganik, a French psychologist, had a significant experiment: he divided the volunteers into two groups, allowing them to complete 20 jobs. During this period, Ziganik intervened on a group of subjects to make it impossible for them to continue working without completing the task, while the other group was able to complete all their work successfully. The experiment got different results. Although all subjects were exposed to a tense state when they performed the task, the tension disappeared with the failure to complete the task, the tension persisted and their thoughts were always disturbed by the unfinished work, and the psychological stress was hard to disappear. The psychological tension caused by work stress is called the "Ziganik effect".

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28. Hobson Selection Effect

In the 1631, the British Cambridge businessman, Hobson, put horses out for the customers to pick, but attached a condition that only the horse closest to the door was chosen. Obviously, adding this condition is actually tantamount to not letting the selection. The so-called "choice", which has no choice, is ridiculed as "Hobson's Choice Effect". Social psychologists point out that people who fall into the dilemma of "Hobson's Choice Effect" will not be able to carry out creative learning, life and work. The reason is very simple: good and bad, excellent and inferior, are in the selection of comparative choice, only the formulation of a certain number and quality of the choice of options, judgment can be reasonable. If a judgment only needs to say "yes" or "no", can it be judged? It is only judgment if it is studied in a number of objectionable choices and can be judged on the basis of its understanding. Therefore, the absence of choice is tantamount to stifling creation.

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29. Set Effect

Set effect is a fixed attitude, such as the sketch "supporting" in Zhu Shimao said Chen Peisi: "The way you look, it's a negative role ..." and then say to yourself: "Look at me in this suit, at least an underground worker ah ..." That's what looks like

Stereotype effect. "The suspect steals the axe" is also this truth, it is the logical inference way to draw the set effect. In interpersonal communication to avoid the set effect, with a development, dialectical vision to see people. For a person who has made a mistake or is not valued, to change the set effect of others, it is necessary to make appropriate publicity to their achievements or good deeds, to change in the minds of others, bad set effect, to establish a new, good stereotype effect.

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30. The effect of an inch

The American social psychologist, Mann, did an interesting experiment: he asked his assistants to visit some housewives and asked the visitors to promise to hang a small sign on the window. After half a month, the experimenter came again and asked for a big sign to be placed in the courtyard, which was not only big but also very beautiful. At the same time, the experimenter made the same request to housewives who had not spared the small signs before. As a result, 55% of the former agreed, while fewer than 17% agreed that the former were 3 times times higher than the latter. Later, people called this psychological phenomenon "the effect of an inch".

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31. Window Breaking effect

The broken window effect is a theory of criminology, which was presented by name Card (James Q. Wilson) and George Kelling (George L. kelling) and published in the March 1982 edition of the Atlantic Monthly entitled Broken Windows article. This theory holds that undesirable phenomena in the environment, if left unchecked, can induce people to imitate or even intensify.

Take a building with a few broken windows, for example, if those windows are not repaired, there may be some damage to the windows. Eventually they would even break into the building and, if found uninhabited, might settle or set fire there. Or imagine a sidewalk with a bit of confetti, and if no one cleans up, there will be more rubbish, and eventually people will take the rubbish to the ground as a matter of course. Therefore, the broken-window theory emphasizes that the efforts to combat minor offences will help reduce more serious crimes and should be confronted with a "0 tolerance" attitude.

The broken window effect in life: the property on the table, the open door may make the greed of the people of no greed; for breaches of corporate procedures or integrity provisions, the organizations concerned have not been seriously dealt with, not to arouse the attention of employees, so that similar acts have repeatedly occurred, or even repeated; , the leaders do not agree, (indulgence) so that the staff of the waste behavior can not be corrected, but increasingly serious. Wait a minute. A House if the window broke, no one to repair, the other soon, other windows will be inexplicably broken, and if some graffiti on the wall is not cleaned, soon the wall is full of messy, unsightly things. And in a very clean place, people will be very embarrassed to throw rubbish, but once the ground has garbage appear, people will (produce herd mentality) without hesitation to throw rubbish everywhere, do not feel ashamed.

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32. The authoritative effect

American psychologists have experimented with teaching students at a university's department of Psychology to introduce a German-speaking teacher from outside, who is a famous chemist from Germany. The "chemist" in the experiment took out a bottle containing distilled water and said it was a new chemical he had discovered, some smells, and asked the students to raise their hands when they smelled the scent, and most of the students raised their hands. Why do most students think they have smells and raise their hands for distilled water that has no odor? This is because there is a widespread social psychological phenomenon-"authoritative effect". The so-called "authoritative effect", is refers to the person who speaks if the position is high, has the prestige, is respected by the person, then the saying words easily causes the other people to attach importance to, and believed that its correctness, namely "two-bit, the human expensive strongly worded".

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33. Marginal effects

Marginal effect is an important law of modern economic discovery. Its basic content is that, in a certain period of time, the consumption of other goods in the same condition, consumers from a continuous increase in the number of items in each unit of the utility increment, that is, marginal utility is diminishing.

A common example is: for a person who needs 4 buns to feed, eating the first steamed bread can make him directly alleviate hunger, so its marginal utility is the largest; the marginal utility of the second and the third steamed bread decreases in descending order; By the time he ate the fourth steamed bun, he was eight or nine full, almost edible and not edible, Therefore, the marginal utility is minimal, and when the fifth is eaten, the steamed bread may have a negative effect.

The law of diminishing marginal utility can be explained from two angles.

First, from the human physiological and psychological point of view to explain that the utility is to satisfy the degree of human nerves excited, external to a stimulus (that is, the consumption of an item to stimulate the stomach, such as eating bread to stimulate the gastric), people's nerves have a sense of satisfaction (the effect). As the same stimulus goes on and on (the amount of consumption of the same item increases), the degree of excitement decreases (diminishing marginal utility).

Second, from the multi-purpose point of view to explain, that consumers always will be the first unit of the object for the most important use, the second unit of goods for the second important use, and so on. In this way, the marginal utility of an object decreases with the diminishing importance of its use.

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34. Projection Effect

It means that in the interpersonal relationship, the cognitive person's impression of others always assumes that others have the same inclination, that is, the projection of their own characteristics to other people. The so-called "Esions, Do Junzi," reflects one side of this projection effect.

The so-called hyper-limit effect is to stimulate too much, too strong or too long time to cause psychological extreme impatience or antagonistic psychological phenomenon.

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35. Super Limit Effect

The hyper-limiting effect refers to the psychological phenomenon that the stimulation is too much, too strong or too long, which causes the psychology to be very impatient or antagonistic.

For example: Mark Twain, the famous American humorist, once heard a priest in a church. At first, he felt that the pastor spoke very well and moved and prepared to donate. After 10 minutes, the priest was not finished, he was impatient, and decided to donate only some change. After another 10 minutes, the priest was not finished, so he decided not to donate 1 cents. When the priest finally finished the lengthy speech and began to raise money, Mark Twain was angry, not only did not donate, but also stole 2 yuan from the plate.