values are taken as parameters of the CF merge method, that is, the three rra are averaged using 1, 5, and 15 PDP respectively. The results are stored as data value/statistic in the official documentation as RRA files, which we use as final access and drawing. RRDtool defines this data as CDP (consolidated data point), which is consolidated.Rows, as I said earlier, should be better understood. I use DS as the column in the Relational data table, the
number list signed by the CA. The serial numbers contained on CRL are those certificates that are not valid for a long time but are no longer considered trustworthy by LSU. The client can then download this CRL and check against it to determine the validity of the certificate.
Any X.509 V3 certificate (except the Root CA certificate itself) should have a pointer to a valid CRl. This pointer is called the CRL distribution point, or CDP for short. The
Show Access-lists Displays the contents of all current ACLsShow buffers Display cache statisticsShow CDP entry displays information about adjacent devices listed in the CDP tableShow CDP interface display Open CDP interface informationShow CDP neighbors displays the results
S0Clock Rate 10000008. Common Inspection CommandsShow Controllers serial 0: see if the interface is DCE or DTE with this commandShow interface interface: viewing interface informationShow IP Interface interface: View protocol letter for InterfaceShow CDP neighbors: show neighbor devicesShow CDP neighbors detail: Show neighbor DetailsNo CDP enable: Close
following aspects:
1. Defects of the system: as a complex system, no matter how carefully tested before release, there will always be defects. The only solution after a defect occurs is to patch the system as soon as possible. The difference between Cisco IOS/Catos and other general operating systems is that IOS/Catos needs to replace the entire system with a patched system.2. system default services: Like most operating systems, IOS and CatOS enable a large number of services by default, which
. to, within six hours) will be lost, resulting in loss. At the same time, it is obviously not suitable to simply copy structured data such as databases, because it not only has data files, but also log files, and sometimes may miss copies, at this time, the logical relationship of the data may not be copied, resulting in unavailability of data recovery. In addition, in the big data era, copying a large volume of data also requires a lot of resources and time, which is prone to errors in the mid
, minimum, and current values of PDP.Xff: The xff field sets a proportional value. rrdtool combines multiple PDP into one CDP. If this parameter is set to the PDP with an UNKNOW value, how can we calculate the CDP value, xff is to set a ratio. When the ratio of UNKNOW in PDP exceeds the limit, the CPD cannot be synthesized normally, and the CPD value of the synthesis is also UNKNOW.Steps: Number of PDP memb
the database file used by RRDtool is '. Rrd. Such as0x02 Creating RRDtool CreateSimply from the theoretical understanding of RRDtool is really difficult, DS, DST, RRA, PDP, CF, CDP and other key words directly into a piece, in fact, these keywords are from the RRD database creation statement. Since it was created, it was related to the structure of the RRD database.* Create-create a new RRDRRDtool Create filename [--start|-b start time][--step|-s Ste
Trace XXX. XXX
Show int F0/0
Show CDP neighbors
Show CDP neighbors detail
Show CDP entry *
Show CDP entry [device ID] // The device ID is obtained in sh cdp n.
Sh controllers S0/0/0: You can check which end of the S0/0/0 line is DCE.
There seems to be
MAC addresses flooding
To make the switch's Mac table full by simulating a large number of source MAC addresses
can be solved by port security.
VLAN hopping
Access to other VLANs by changing the packet Vlan-id
Strictly set trunk allow which VLAN to pass, put the useless port into the common VLAN (i.e. vlan1)
Attacks between devices on a common VLAN
Devices that belong to the same VLAN can also attack each other.
Through the Pvlan to solve
DHCP starvation
An attacker sends countless DHCP re
different internal addresses using different protocol Port numbers. This method is usually used for dialing Internet.
Below is 2611
VroFor example,
ConfigurationThe list is as follows:
Current configuration:
!
Version 12.0:
Service timestamps debug uptime
Service timestamps log uptime
No service password-encryption
!
Hostname 2611
!
Enable secret 5 $1 $ JIeG $ UZJNjKhcptJXHPc/BP5GG0
Enable password 2323 ipro
!
Ip subnet-zero
No ip source-route
No ip finger
!
!
!
Interface Ethernet0/0
Ip address
; (CatOS) display VTP domain and VTP Mode
Show vtp status; (IOS)
Show interface; (CatOS) display Management interface Information
Show port; (CatOS) displays brief information about each port (number, VLAN, duplex ,...)
Show interface; (IOS)
Show trunk; (CatOS) displays the relay information (mode, encapsulation, allowed port, cropping ,...)
Show interface trunk; (IOS)
Show spantree 45; (CatOS) shows the STP mode, type, status, speed port,...) of the port ,...)
Show spanning-tree 45; (IOS)
3. In
Currently, vrouters are widely used and users are not familiar with some routing settings. So I studied how to turn off unnecessary services in vro settings, disable insecure and unnecessary services on the VBR settings. Here, we assume that the vro is configured with ports Ethernet0 and ethernet1.
Router (config) # no cdp run // disable CDP. CDP uses multicast a
time the vro must pass the KEY back and forth to authenticate itself and try to pass OSPF messages, the HELLO information package of the router is transmitted between routers every 10 seconds by default, which gives attackers a great opportunity to eavesdrop on the KEY, if attackers can snoop the network and obtain the KEY, the OSPF route information package may be forged. More seriously, these forged OSPF route information packets will be redirected blindly. Of course, these attacks are rare,
Mop7. use cdpCdp as little as possible. disable cdp on each interface to run cdp only when it is needed for management; run cdp only on devices within the control range. Do not use cdp on insecure links. For example: internet8. disable Integrated http background programs. By default, Integrated http servers are disabl
VLAN database is configured, you must enter exit to save it;VLAN troubleshooting: physical connection> Switch configuration> VLAN configuration;Physical connections include CDP and duplex;The Trunk is a link between two vswitches;802.1 p: Priority of the 802.1qTAG field;Tunnel requires two tags: one for the enterprise and one for the carrier. The carrier can transmit VLAN, CDP, VTP, STP, and other informat
: GAUGE: 120: 0: NaNDS: cpu_wio: GAUGE: 120: 0: NaNDS: cpu_idle: GAUGE: 120: 0: NaNRRA: AVERAGE: 0.5: 1: 244 # RRA is the form of data storage, Data TablesRRA: AVERAGE: 0.5: 24: 244 # CF merge statistics include average, max, min, and lastRRA: AVERAGE: 0.5: 168: 244 #0.5 is xff, indicating that when the proportion of the missing data volume exceeds 0.5, the data is displayed as null.RRA: AVERAGE: 0.5: 672: 244 # PDP, a data point calculated, such as the AVERAGE value.RRA: AVERAGE: 0.5: 5760: 374
not active at this time,But as long as the related interface is opened, the span will become active.The monitoring port is preferably> = the bandwidth of the controlled port. Otherwise, packet loss may occur.
SPAN traffic -- span trafficUse a local span to monitor all network traffic, including multicast, Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU), and CDP,VTP, DTP, STP, pagp, lacp packets. rspan cannot monitor layer-2 protocols.
Traffic types -- traffic typeT
The content source of this page is from Internet, which doesn't represent Alibaba Cloud's opinion;
products and services mentioned on that page don't have any relationship with Alibaba Cloud. If the
content of the page makes you feel confusing, please write us an email, we will handle the problem
within 5 days after receiving your email.
If you find any instances of plagiarism from the community, please send an email to:
info-contact@alibabacloud.com
and provide relevant evidence. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days.