Introduction to various dictionaries of the Internet

Dictionary

The dictionary is also used as a dictionary, which is a reference book that collects words in a certain order and interprets them for inspection. There are Chinese-language dictionaries, specialist dictionaries and comprehensive dictionaries. The oldest extant dictionary in the world is the Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual dictionary, which was compiled by the Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BC. The earliest Chinese dictionaries were the "Er Ya" compiled at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty.

Youdao Dictionary:

Youdao Dictionary is the introduction of NetEase Youdao Dictionary related services and software. Based on Youdao search guide Youdao dictionary icon

In the background of massive web page data and Natural language processing data mining technology, a large number of Chinese and foreign language parallel corpus (including vocabulary and example sentences) is dug out, and through the network services and desktop software to enable users to easily query.

Baidu Dictionary

Baidu Dictionary is a set of Baidu company launched a strong English-Chinese translation system. It is very practical to include the intelligent translation of Chinese idioms. Enter an English word correctly, or enter a word for Chinese characters, and pay attention to the dictionary hints on the top of the search box. For example, search "Moon" and click on the "dictionary" link on the results page to get a high quality translation result. Baidu Dictionary Search supports the powerful English-Chinese translation of Chinese and English words and expressions, and also can be used to read aloud the functions of Chinese idioms. can also use the Baidu Dictionary Search Interface (http:t.baidu.com), directly using English-Chinese translation function

English Dictionary:

Another "English Dictionary" is a reference book that collects English words in a certain order and explains them for inspection.

English dictionaries are mainly divided into dictionaries (Dictionary), categorical glossary (thesaurus), synonyms and antonyms (synonyms and antonyms), idiomatic methods (Usage), idioms (idioms), slang (slang) and etymology ( Etymology) and so on. This article only talks about the first category

Idiom Dictionary:

Idiom Dictionary is a set of idioms, which is to arrange the idioms in some order and explain them for reference. Idiom is a part of a language vocabulary that is a stereotyped phrase or a short sentence.

Online Xinhua Dictionary:

Iciba Dictionary of Love (PowerWord):

Kingsoft PowerWord is a free dictionary translation software. By Jinshan Company launched the first version in 1997, after 16 years of temper, today is already a necessary choice for hundreds of millions of users. Its biggest bright spot is the content massive authority, has included 141 this copyright dictionary, 320,000 live voice, 17 scene 2000 group commonly used dialogues. We strongly recommend that you use it in reading English content, writing, mail, oral English, Word review, and more. The latest version also supports off-line search words, computers do not network can also easily use the word PA! In addition to PC version, Kingsoft also supports Iphone/ipad/mac/android/symbian/java, etc., you can also directly visit Iciba website, search words, search sentences, translation and other powerful features, as well as the quality of English learning content and community, where you can learn English, make friends.

dictionaries: Pinyin [cídiǎn]

English Dictionary

Dick, dictionary, Lexicon.

Millions DICT, Dictionary

Additional explanations: Wordbook, Lexicon, glossary, vocabulary, Dick

Related examples:

There are several appendices to this dictionary.

This dictionary has several appendices.

Compiling a dictionary is an extremely laborious drudgery.

Compiling a dictionary is a awful sweat.

The dictionary has an electronic version.

This dictionary was available in electronic version.

Japanese dictionary

Dictionaries, dictionaries. " Quantity "Ben, department.

Chinese-Japanese Dictionary

A dictionary of Chinese and Japanese.

"Notice" Originally, "Dictionary" は Jane P な Vocabulary を set めた dictionary をいい, "dictionary" は long o Muhammad sentence idiom などもとり into れた detailed しい dictionary をいうが, now では mixed されていて, "dictionary" を with いることが more い.また "dictionary" は text (Chinese characters) 1 words 1 words について,その" 　　The "を of the form-sound meaning したものをいう. Tune the style of "CI".

Korean dictionary

[巀. [(dictionary) Leelawadee (dictionaries) 墹 烕, (thesaurus) swimming 壉 Mao Grits-梹

Dictionary

壌

Look up a dictionary

=[Word books] [dictionaries] [dictionaries]→[dictionaries]

French dictionary

[N.] Dictionnaire

German dictionary

[S] Wörterbuch

Italian dictionary

[Name] Dizionario; Vocabolario; Lessico

Esperanto dictionary

Vortaro

Chinese-Spanish dictionary

Diccionario;léxico;lexicón;vocabulario

Chinese-Portuguese Dictionary

[M] dicionário[m] Léxico

Chinese-Gatalonia language

Diccionari

Chinese-Arabic Dictionary

/

Chinese-Uighur dictionary

Chinese-Russian dictionary

Словарь

Brief introduction

A dictionary is a reference book used to explain the meaning, concept and usage of words. The broad dictionary includes the Chinese dictionary and various reference books which take the words as the unit, and the narrow dictionary only refers to the Chinese dictionary. Its overall structure is generally composed of preface, General Notices, text, appendix, index and so on. The text interprets the word in the form of an entry, and the entry is arranged in an orderly manner. According to different standards or characteristics, the dictionary can be divided into many types. The Chinese dictionary is divided into three categories: Chinese dictionary, subject (encyclopedia) dictionary and Proper noun dictionary. In ancient China, the special books, including dictionaries, which are mainly composed of the word-releasing words, are collectively referred to as dictionary. "Er ya", "dialect", "said the text to solve the word" is the earliest representative dictionary in China. The Dictionary of Chinese is the largest dictionary in contemporary China. The oldest extant dictionary in the world is the Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual thesaurus, compiled by the Assyrian Empire in 7th century. The 1612 Italian edition of the Word collection is the first European Dictionary of national languages. Oxford University Press published the Oxford English Dictionary 12 volumes, and the Supplement 1 volume (1884~1928) is the largest dictionary of modern Western.

A dictionary is a reference book that provides words in a certain order and explains them separately. After the rise of information theory, the concept of dictionaries has expanded. All disciplines have information, information is necessary to compile a dictionary for retrieval, so the dictionary and the storage and layout of knowledge synonymous. and "dictionary" is a dictionary of the "Difficult words", "vocabulary", "famous or famous words index", "classification vocabulary"; ancient China has "vernacular", "word", "jian" and other titles, and "dictionary" is a generic term.

History

According to ancient Greek records, there were 35 dictionary families in 2nd century BC, but their books were not handed down. In medieval times, Latin dictionaries were used to explain the Bible and classical works, and the interpretation of words was inadequate. 1612, the University of Florence, Italy, the preparation of the "word set", interpretation of literature and history, is the first European Dictionary of national languages. The French dictionary was published in 1694 by the French Academy of Bachelor. In 1726-1739, the Spanish Academy has compiled 6 volumes of the Spanish Standard dictionary. The first large English dictionary was published in 1755, and editor S. Johnson received 43500 words, and 118,000 articles in literature and history. The largest dictionary of the modern West is the Oxford English Dictionary, which was initiated in 1857 and 1928, with a total of 12 volumes and a supplement. This dictionary has been found in the English literature after 1150, 414000 words, each word has a quotation as evidence, according to the chronology of the meaning and shape of the evolution of the word, a total of 1.827 million. After the publication of the book, become the Pride of the English nation, countries have followed, compiled a dictionary of the same size.

Ancient Chinese dictionary can be traced back to the 8th century BC, "Shi", the extant is the most ancient Shi "urgent on the article" (BC 1th century), is a child literacy textbook. The meaning of "er Ya" is approximately written in 3rd century BC, is the interpretation of meanings and classification of the name of the dictionary. Yangxiong's dialect is the first Chinese book to record dialects in the early 1th century. Xu Shen's 's "said the text to solve the word" in 100, it will be divided into 540 Chinese characters, and press "Liushu" description of the text. China from the Han Dynasty, lexicography is divided into ① no annotation of the classified literacy textbooks, ② annotated, the meaning of the classification of the dictionary, ③ according to the radical layout and interpretation of the word form, sound, semantic dictionary, ④ in the meaning of the dialect vocabulary. The Qing Dynasty official revised "Kangxi Dictionary" was written in 1716, received 47021 words. According to the radical arrangement of the dictionary published in recent decades, the most popular is the "Etymology" and "dictionary". In addition, the Chinese dictionary has been published since 1986.

Classification

From the perspective of lexicography, dictionaries are routinely divided into diachronic and synchronic, prescriptive and descriptive, linguistic and encyclopedic, generic and specialized. ". There are many dictionaries now, and it is necessary to adopt a more generalized taxonomy. The new taxonomy divides all dictionaries into two categories, one is the Chinese dictionary and the other is the specialist dictionary.

1) Chinese Dictionary

Chinese dictionaries are divided into 3 categories: Learning dictionaries, reference dictionaries, and research dictionaries.

(a) Learning to use dictionaries to 4~6 words is a core part of language. Take the modern commonly used words as the main word, the definition first lists the common meaning, the second column unusual word meaning, emphasizes the usage of the words, the detailed indication collocation. An etymology, as in the General English Dictionary of the Oxford Seniors.

B refer to the general word 14~18 in the dictionary, suitable for reference needs. Collection of words to modern, and strive for all-round, including general, specialist, and encyclopedia knowledge of the word; the central meaning of the first word, the marginal significance of the second column, mainly in the literature and history quotes as examples, annotated etymology, such as "Collins English Dictionary."

C The study uses the dictionary general 40~60 Word, belongs to the thesaurus nature, for the academic research use.

The principle of collecting words: Any word that appears in the national literature after a certain year, as well as the phonetic and morphological variants of the words, they are included in the meaning according to the history of the order, each has the time and provenance of the historical and historical quotations as evidence; Oxford Dictionary of English. Dictionary

In the above three categories of Chinese dictionaries,

The characteristic of Class A is to explain the meaning of common words and the usage of words in order to suit the need of learning.

The characteristic of B class is to include the words commonly used in modern language as comprehensively as possible to suit the needs of all walks of life;

The characteristic of Class C is to include as completely as possible the national words and phrases that have appeared since ancient times, and to record the changes of their phonetic, morphological and semantic meanings to suit the needs of various research work.

In the sense arrangement, Class A starts with the most commonly used word meaning, class B begins with the most central meaning, and Class C begins with the first meaning.

A and B are all received from modern languages, but B is greater than a one or several times, since B includes specialist and encyclopedia knowledge not included in a.

b, c are used as examples of literature and history, but C emphasizes the historical evolution of the meaning of the word, B focuses on the contemporary meaning, C annotated the age and provenance of quotations, b generally only annotated author.

Among the three categories, the most characteristic of lexicography is the Class A and C two. The object of Class A is learners of language, and most of them are non-native learners. It is a special topic for dictionaries to be edited by such learners. For example, foreigners learn Chinese, have tonal problems, speech recognition problems, word order transformation caused by semantic ambiguity and so on; Chinese people learn English, there are the number and the number of nouns, verbs and physical and collocation problems, articles and prepositions of the customary law and so on. When native speakers think that there is no problem in the language, Non-native learners always require clear rules to follow and meet this requirement, which is a special task of dictionary A. As for the bilingual dictionaries for learning, there are also questions that are not available in a single language dictionary. Single-language dictionaries are defined, bilingual dictionaries are translated, and the words used in the translation are likely to match some of the meanings of the original word, and are not consistent with other meanings. As in the dictionary of idiomatic phrases, a single language dictionary to explain the meaning of the key words, bilingual dictionaries need to complete translation, the dictionary

But because it is idiomatic, encyclopaedia is often difficult to express.

There are many problems in the form, syntax and cross cultural semantic transmission of the editors of class A dictionaries. The single language "Oxford Senior Student General English Dictionary" has had four major revisions since it was published in the UK in 1948. The fine processing of noun countable, the pattern of verb tower collocation, the standardization of contextual description, are the results of several revisions, and also represent the progress of lexicography.

B-Class Dictionary collection of many words, in addition to wide collection of commonly used words, but also accept the specialized and encyclopedia of the word. It seeks to provide the most comprehensive semantic and encyclopedia information in the form of a volume.

C-Class dictionaries represent the historical crystallization of lexicography. Using it as a thesaurus, the researchers can observe the morphological, phonetic and semantic changes of the same word in different periods from a diachronic perspective. It is also possible to observe the semantic field and semantic structure of a group of words in a certain period from a synchronic perspective. The researcher can also observe the cultural contact from the borrowed words from different periods and observe the social form from the cultural relics system reflected by the CI. The hundreds of thousands of words collected from the hundreds of-year literature are in a certain order and annotated with meanings, in which a (usually multiple-volume) dictionary is a valuable information base.

(2) Specialist dictionaries

The specialized dictionaries are mainly divided into encyclopedia dictionaries, humanities dictionaries, human history subject dictionaries, basic science and Applied Science dictionaries.

A The encyclopedia includes encyclopedias, encyclopedic language dictionaries, bibliographic lists, and classified bibliographies.

(B) The Dictionary of Humanities includes the dictionaries of philosophy, religion, linguistics, philology, literature, art, art, music, etc. The subject dictionaries of social sciences include the dictionaries of pedagogy, sociology, anthropology and folklore, mythology, customs studies, statistics, economics, political science, jurisprudence, geography, etc.

(C) The dictionary of the subject of human history is a dictionary of world history, regional histories, etc.

D the subject dictionaries of basic science and applied sciences include dictionaries for astronomy, biology, Chemistry, geo-sciences, mathematics, physics, psychology, engineering, medical science, agricultural science, etc.

Finally, there is a fundamental difference between the specialist dictionaries and the language dictionaries. The language dictionary is naturally confined to the national language range, while the specialist dictionary is of great international importance, especially the international science and the Science of Applied Sciences. However, there is still a problem in the transmission of international science and technology information, that is, the unification of terminology. The terminology used by science and technology experts in countries is often inconsistent with standard terminology. The world's powerful enterprises, in order to promote their own technology products, each issued a handbook of technical terminology, they are not consistent. Also, technical terms cannot be used without some jargon, but the meaning is not uniform. In this context, international calls for the unification of scientific and technological terminology have become increasingly high. It was suggested that a two-level science and Technology dictionary should be compiled, with the first level of specific scientific and technological operations, and the second being a dictionary of scientific and technical terms in a variety of languages to ensure the accurate transmission of international scientific and technological information.