Experts say less than 50% of drinking water plants like large chemical plants

Zhao Fei Hong, 58 years old, Beijing Health and Health Association healthy Drinking Water Professional Committee president, Beijing Ediman Biotechnology Institute Director. Her husband, Lee revived, aged 73, served on the Drinking Water Industry Committee of the National Development and Reform Commission's Public Health Center. In early January this year, two people's quiet life was disrupted. In the media interview, the "Beijing's most water-drinking family" revealed: they do not drink tap water for 20 years, only drink mineral water. In the public's fierce response, Beijing Water group came forward, Beijing tap water in line with the country's 106 water quality standards, please feel free to drink, and said that Beijing's best water quality in the country. Zhao Fei Hong then openly said that not drinking tap water is not because of unsafe water, but feel more healthy drinking water. Beijing is so. What is the safety of water in all parts of the country? Water: 70% or 50% pass rate? Every drop of water, has its own context. Almost all experts agree that water pollution is the biggest safety problem of tap water. If the source of pollution, it will lead to the follow-up link load difficult line. 76.5% and 70%, the urban drinking water source rate of the most common two figures, the former from the Ministry of Environmental Protection, "2010 National Water Environmental Quality Status", the latter has been the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Resources, Housing construction department and other public mention and use. But engaged in water treatment research for more than more than 30 years, and has been in the Chinese disease Prevention and Control center for more than 10 years senior water safety expert Bai Kang (alias) to the "China Economic Weekly" said: "Drinking water source rate of less than 50%." "Which number is more realistic?" June 1, 2002, the State Environmental Protection Administration promulgated the "Surface water Environmental Quality standards" (GB3838-2002) formally implemented. According to the standard, the surface water is divided into five categories according to function level: one or two are drinking water, four are industrial water and recreational water, five are agricultural water and landscape water. The controversy is over three types of water. Standard Exposition: "Three categories: mainly applicable to the concentration of drinking water surface water level two protected areas, fish and shrimp wintering field, migratory channels, aquaculture zones and other fishery waters and swimming areas." "Three types of water are not drinkable." "Bai Kang that the three types of water contain higher organic compounds, in the test project, this indicator is quantified as chemical oxygen demand, also known as oxygen consumption (COD)." "The cod content of the three types of water is in 4~6 mg/l, but our conventional treatment process can only handle water with a value of 4 mg/Liter." "The reaction caused by the excessive amount of organic compounds is complex and diverse." Bai Kang said: "The EPA has issued a report that the organic compounds may cause cancer, promote cancer, lead to mutations, but also reduce human immune and reproductive capacity." "Rui, an expert in the city Water Quality Monitoring Center of the Ministry of Housing and Construction, said in an interview with China Economic Weekly that excluding three types of water sources," the true percentage of Chinese urban water supply will be greatly reduced. "" Water pollution is too strong, only one or two types of water, the quantity is not enough, nor realistic. "Rui admits, in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, such as a wide range of water trapped under the enormous pressure, do not attend to" carping. RuiThat the standards continue to be relaxed, water resources deteriorating situation is grim. "Industrial sewage in the city, pesticide pollution in rural areas are entering the water, rain soaked, pollution continues to expand, it is difficult to reverse and repair." "Safe water has become a scarce resource. In Bai Kang's view, the vast territory of China's "water" is increasingly scarce. "Water shortage in the north, the excessive exploitation of groundwater after the widespread nitrate-exceeding phenomenon, easy to induce spotting disease." Southern Water system developed, but some lakes and rivers are circled as aquaculture farms, feed contains a large number of long-term accumulation of protein, resulting in nitrogen and phosphorus exceeding the standard is very common. "Occasionally in the mountains, visible crystal clear mountain spring water, Bai Kang can not help" even drink with Take "," clean water has become a luxury. " "The promotion of advanced treatment process, where does the money come from?" Straight water, a distant fantasy. "There is not a single city in mainland China that can drink straight water, and it needs to be boiled." "Rui laughs," the total propaganda drinking raw water is not sanitary, this is the biggest lie, in Europe and America, many cities can drink directly. "However, even if boiled water, can kill only microbial contamination, organic pollutants and heavy metal ions still exist, even because of high temperature heating and further chemical changes, strengthen deposition and mutation." How do I handle it? The unanimous answer given by the experts is the deep processing process. 2009, the Ministry of Housing construction of the country's 4,457 water plants conducted a major investigation, but the specific data has not been published. According to the experts who participated in the survey, Rui revealed that 75% of the national Water plant using conventional treatment process, 23% using simple treatment or untreated, the use of effective removal of a variety of pollutants in the depth treatment process of the water plant is only about 2%. "Due to water pollution, at least 80% of the water plant in the country is urgent need to use advanced treatment technology to improve the quality of water, but the actual use of only 2%." "Rui said, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Wuhan, some of the waterworks launched a deep treatment process, but still because of the old pipeline and other reasons can not achieve direct drinking water." Widely used conventional processing technology has been born hundred years, known as the classic "Four"-flocculation (plus aluminum chloride), precipitation, filtration (through quartz sand, gravel, etc.), disinfection (plus chlorine, etc.). With the gradual deterioration of water pollution, "four" is also constantly increasing the amount of increase, often access to the Bai Kang of the large waterworks, with "large-scale chemical plant" to describe what she saw, a number of tons of chemical agents dumped into the reservoir, after a series of treatment, water was transported to thousands of households. "Boil water often can see the bottom of the pot has a large number of white precipitation, flocculation, which is commonly known as disinfectant more and more for the sake of." Even so, the water is not really "sterilized", says Bai Kang. To thoroughly "disinfect", there are two "upgrades" that need to be used simultaneously. The first is the biological oxidation, the addition of ozone and activated carbon, through the adsorption of both to reduce organic pollutants in the water and heavy metal ions. Hong Kong has adopted this filtration method. "Zhao Fei Hong in the" China Economic weekly "interview, said that with Guangdong, the same drainage pearl river waterThe Hong Kong Waterworks has adopted biological oxidation technology, with few disinfectants and better water quality. The second is ultrafiltration membrane treatment, through the microporous filtration membrane screening function, will contain impurities in the water filtration, this is currently internationally recognized the most safe and effective method of water treatment. "Beijing Guogongzhuang Waterworks, the tenth water plant, adopted this process. "Beijing Water Supply Association of Water Quality work Minister, the original National Urban water Quality Monitoring network Beijing Monitoring Station webmaster Cangping in the" China Economic Weekly interview, said. However, the real "upgrade" of the water plant is rare, even in the "national best water quality of Beijing", while the use of two "upgrade" method is only the third, nineth and tenth water plants in Beijing. Lack of funds is a fundamental problem in technological innovation, Rui said. Tsinghua University, professor of environmental Wang Jianseng has been counting: technological innovation, the cost of water per cubic increase of about 0.3 yuan, coupled with the pipeline hardware investment, the total cubic water cost of up to 0.5 yuan, if in accordance with more than 4,000 water plants per day for 60 million cubic meters of water, the annual cost increase of 20 billion yuan. Where does the money come from? "By the pressure of financial allocations, raising water prices is likely to lead to discontent among ordinary people." "In the National Water Plant Census, Rui found that many county water plants operating difficulties, even disinfectants are not willing to use, stacked in the reservoir side, to deal with superior inspection, not to mention" bleeding innovation technology. " In order to improve water quality, some units and residential areas have added local treatment system at the terminal of pipe network. "Add water purification equipment, or their own ultraviolet disinfection, but the effect is mixed." "Zhao Feihong found that many real estate developers to raise prices or property management fees, but the actual effect is difficult to verify." Third-party testing will increase the credibility of the "indicators are consistent with drinking water standards," the commitment often appears in the mouth of local governments, but it can not quell public suspicion and concern. From January 15 this year, Beijing Water group will be the first time through the portal to the community to publish water quality information, quarterly. Clearly, in the sound of speculation and questioning, Beijing Water group hopes to win trust and support through information disclosure. But experts are not buying it. "It doesn't make much sense. "Rui that this is a progress, but do not solve the" self-test "problem, credibility is still a soft spot. At present, China's water quality safety implementation of "level three monitoring" system: the first stage, in the production line, by the workers every half an hour to carry out a test, the project mainly includes disinfectant, turbidity and other sensory indicators; second, the Water Plant Laboratory test daily, the project mainly includes 9 indicators such as microorganisms, organic compounds; third level, Tested by the water Quality Monitoring centre of the Water group, the main projects include the 106 monitoring elements stipulated in the sanitary standards for drinking water (gb5749-2006), which have been implemented since July 1, 2012. The "Level three monitoring" system seemed to fit, but "all monitoring procedures were completed within the waterworks, and the so-called monitoring centres, including the national monitoring stations and local monitoring stations in the water Quality Centre of the Ministry of Construction, were actually internal water in local water plantsQuality Monitoring Department. "Bai Kang called it" two brands, a class of men. In addition to the "Level three monitoring" system, the Department of Housing and Construction of the water supply enterprise will conduct a provincial staggered inspection every year. Cangping said: "In order to show justice, all cities above the county level for cross monitoring, such as A province monitoring B province, B province monitoring C province, a, B province can not exchange." "But as a competent unit, the Ministry of Housing is also a stakeholder." 2009, the National Water Plant Census data is not disclosed. May 2012, Song Lan, chief engineer of the Urban Water Quality Monitoring Center of the Department of Housing and Construction, has revealed that the 2009 national census involved more than 4,000 water plants in more than 1000 factory water quality unqualified, causing widespread public concern. Subsequently, the agency's director Shanisheng said that the 2009 water quality census rate of 58.2%, but in 2011, the Ministry of Housing and Construction of the national public water supply capacity of 80% of the water plant out of the sampling test, water quality compliance rate of 83%. The final checkpoint is the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, a Ministry of Health. "Provinces, cities and counties have all levels of CDC, do one to two times a year of water quality analysis." Bai Kang, who has been involved in this work many times, says that as an outsider, the CDC has become the most objective and impartial testing party. However, according to Bai Kang, the monitoring results are not open, but referred to the local government departments, "the government said it can announce the announcement." In addition, the CDC is not really on the sidelines. According to Bai Kang, in addition to the CDC, the provincial, municipal and county CDC financial allocations are not allocated by the Ministry of Health, but at all levels of local government funding. "Local government is not only the water plant, but also the CDC, it will have concerns?" Especially when the monitoring results are not optimistic? Bai Kang said that there had never been a monitoring report that the water quality was bad. If this logic, then, some local governments may become a transit point of interest, the water plant and CDC to a boat. Over the years, industry experts have been actively calling for "Third-party testing." "Not a monitoring measure, but a check." "In the laboratory work of the water quality testing," said Zhao Fei Hong, "by the neutral laboratory undertakes the inspection task, the government, the waterworks, the public can take the sample to inspect here, the laboratory is only the technical department, does not represent any party's benefit." "But the reality is," our laboratories can test, but the results are easily overturned by the authorities because we are not authoritative authorities. Zhao Fei Hong is very helpless to this. Obtaining state authorization is not difficult, Cangping said, "through the State Bureau of Technical Supervision of the qualification certification can be." "But the reality is that" there are less than hundreds of accredited laboratories in the country, all in the water group. "Rui said. Pipe network aging affects water quality water supply network as the city veins in all directions, the flow of tap water will be transported to millions of households. Song Lan has publicly stated that the Ministry of Housing Construction (Editor Note: should be the Ministry of Construction. 1988, the Ministry of Construction established, 2008, "Ministry of Construction" to "housing and urban and rural Ministry of Construction", referred to as "the Ministry of Construction" in 2002, 2003 has investigated hundreds ofThe city's water supply network, found that does not conform to GB gray cast iron pipe accounted for 50.8%, ordinary cement pipe accounted for 13%, galvanized pipe accounted for 6%, low quality pipe network accounted for about 70%. Pipe network aging will lead to leakage first. Bai Kang said: "Beijing's leakage rate is around 20%, other places should be more." What is more serious is that the network aging causes two pollution incidents frequently. Beijing, for example, has had to deploy more water sources under the pressure of intense water resources. According to the Beijing Water Group announced the information, the current Beijing water supply of up to 22 places. "Beijing's water is a lot of blending out, the hardness is very high, of course, this situation is very common throughout the country." Bai Kang introduced, after blending, through the city's network of water supply pipelines, tap water into the community. Bai Kang recalls, "All over the water is good, but blending together easy to react, pipe network more easily eroded." "According to Cangping, the water supply network in the long-term use of the formation of a very thick sediment pipe wall, that is commonly said scale." "The main ingredient is coagulant, iron, calcium, magnesium and so on, when the corrosion index of water changes, the pipe wall is destroyed, polluted water." "In addition to scaling, pipe network aging will lead to deterioration and loss of the tube, reducing water quality." "Water management network flow to the faucet, the quality of the qualified rate will be reduced by at least 10%." "Bai Kang introduced that over the past decade, the country has carried out a wide range of pipe network transformation, the proportion of qualified pipe network has increased, now, the National Low quality pipe network and the service network of over life is still a lot." Pipe network transformation is a very expensive system engineering. "To open the belly, many in the business district under the residential areas under the road, the replacement cost is huge." Cangping said that in 2011, Beijing invested 700 million yuan to transform 750 kilometres of water pipelines in two years. "Do other places have the financial and capacity?" "In 2002, Beijing began to prepare for the new water source brought about by the South-to-north Water Diversion project. "In the Hubei Danjiangkou test, put into more than 3 million construction base, is afraid of pipe network problems." Cangping revealed that in order to simulate the reality as far as possible, simply cut a section of the Beijing Water supply network, transported to the Hubei Danjiangkou, to ensure that there is no risk. Who cares about the water supply two times? Two times water supply is called the "last kilometer" of the whole industrial chain of water, but often the last link is most easily overlooked. Because the municipal water supply network pressure is not enough, the town more than six floors of buildings need to use two pressure to achieve water supply, the specific way is in the end of the pipe network to build cisterns or water tanks, through the pump and other equipment pressure, so that tap water "high flow". Although the second water supply has been widely used in the country, but in the corresponding laws and regulations and management responsibilities, but has been in a blank zone. "At present, there is not a complete technical requirement and construction standard for two times water supply." Rui said, only in the "Building water and Sewerage Design Code" (gb50015-2009) part of the requirements are visible. "also very general. "There is no way to do that, resulting in two water supply reservoirs, water tanks and related equipment are built by real estate developers, the standard and style." "Beijing, Shanghai and other cities require the implementation of WeiHealth License. "Rui said that two times the use of water supply facilities filtration, softening, purification, disinfection equipment, anti-corrosion coatings, must have provincial or higher health departments issued" Product Health Safety Assessment Report ", but in fact, there is no department monitoring and management. "How many two water points in a city are Shing. "Who should be in charge of this?" The opinions of several experts are not uniform. Rui that it should be managed by the Ministry of Housing, because "the water plant belongs to the Ministry of Construction, two water supply is the extension of the waterworks." "Zhao Fei Hong believes that the Ministry of Health should be administered, because" health permits issued by the Ministry of Health, on behalf of authority audit. Bai Kang that the city construction department should be managed, because "two water supply belongs to the construction of urban public facilities, in the area as a unit." "In the end, two of the city's water supply became a regulatory gap and no one was responsible. In the case of unclear subject, two water supply facilities according to the ownership classification, units of two water supply management by the owner of the unit responsible for the residential area of two water supply facilities by developers responsible for construction, to the property company management, specific management effects and responsibilities can not be guaranteed. According to this management mechanism, "almost all the problems can come out." "Bai Kang said that if two times the water supply equipment irregularities in the product, itself contains harmful substances." Cisterns and water tanks are also porous, some design too large, resulting in water retention time is too long, affecting water quality, and some without sealing pollution prevention measures. "The most common is unmanned management, no one to clean and disinfect, the tank is silt impurities." ”