Investigation of the new generation peasant workers in catering industry: long Working hours

The first half of this year, China Trade and textile Tobacco China Finance, trade and light industry The tobacco union has investigated the basic situation of the new generation peasant workers in 11 provinces, districts and cities in Beijing, Jilin, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Shaanxi and Hainan, and more than 20 cities (counties) The 46 catering Enterprises conducted a direct sampling, a total of statistical staff effective questionnaires 1000 copies, directly related to more than 10,000 employees, is the situation described as follows: The basic situation of the national restaurant business of about 5 million outlets, 22 million employees, the entire industry for 19 consecutive years to maintain double-digit growth. The overall characteristics of the new generation peasant workers in catering industry are: 1. has become the main body of catering workers. The city and the city catering enterprises are surveyed, the number of peasant workers is less than 53.4% (37 enterprises in Guangxi), as many as 84.3% (Baoji), migrant workers in the new generation of migrant workers up to 79.6% (Baoji), as many as 89.3% (Guangxi), the new generation of migrant workers, women workers up to 59% (Jilin 12,103 Companies statistics ), up to 79.5% (Xianyang). In 11 provinces and cities, the new generation of migrant workers accounted for the total number of workers in the catering industry above 58%.　　Catering industry has become the main sector to absorb rural labor and reflect the status of the new generation of migrant workers important window. 2. Have certain political and cultural qualities. According to statistics, the catering industry, the new generation of migrant workers, the Communist Party accounted for 5.1%, the league members accounted for 64%, said the hope to join the Communist Party accounted for 33.6%, their education is: Primary 5.9%, Junior high school 37.6%, secondary and high school 40.8%, college 15.7%.　　This shows that the new generation of migrant workers is a positive, demanding progress of the team, in the ideological and political quality and cultural quality, and the early stage of reform and opening up the peasant workforce is very different, with the parents from the "survival" to the new generation of "development-oriented" transformation of the basis. 3. Enjoy basic working conditions. Statistics show that 91.7% of the new generation of migrant workers can receive wages on time, labor contract signing rate of 73.1%, 47.5% of the people living in the dormitory provided by the enterprise. When filling out the reasons for choosing to work in a restaurant, 26.1% of people choose "like and have a future", 16% of the people choose "No other skills, can only do this", 10.7% of the people think the treatment is OK, 14.9% of the people because there is a fellow or companion, 22.1% people do not think so much.　　Reflects the catering industry employment threshold is low, most can solve eating and living, income relatively stable, for the new generation of migrant workers to enter the city to provide basic living conditions, thus becoming one of their main employment choice. 4. Have a constant pursuit of life. According to statistics, the catering industry, 13.1% of the new generation of migrant workers were born in the city, although 86.9% of life in rural areas, but like the urban population, most of the school after graduation that is in the city to participate in the work. One of the junior high school graduates in the city accounted for 37.9%, high school or secondary schools to 36.8% of the migrant workers, 12.3% of the people with their parents in urban growthParticipation in the work, only 10.4% of the work after farming at home.　　Affected by the urban civilization infection, compared to rural life, they have a higher assessment of the current living conditions and higher value pursuit.　　The outstanding problems of the new generation of migrant workers for the reform and development, to serve the city made a great contribution, but also enjoy the reform and opening up some of the development results, but in the main objectively there are some problems that can not be ignored. 1. The overall technical quality is relatively low.　　Statistics show that the catering industry in the new generation of migrant workers, 65.3% of people do not have the technical level certificate, with the primary vocational and technical qualifications accounted for 17.3%, intermediate accounted for 14.7%, senior only accounted for 2.7%, far from meeting the rapid development of the catering industry urgent need, but also to their careers to bring difficulties. 2. The labor time is very long. Statistics show that they work 5 days a week for only 9.9%, 6 days of 71.7%, 7 days accounted for 16.8%, only 45.3% people work 8 hours a day, 33.1% people work 9 hours a day, 20% people work 10 hours or more than 10 hours a day. Overall, 90% of the new generation of migrant workers working more than the legal provisions of the week, 6 days a week to become the industry's normal, and most companies do not have the corresponding wage compensation.　　Therefore, their income is not the real embodiment of the value of labor, but also reflects the large number of catering enterprises rely on super long labor to maintain the operation of the situation. 3. Low Social security rates. According to statistics, the catering industry in the new generation of migrant workers, with endowment insurance accounted for 46.7%, medical insurance accounted for 48%, industrial injury insurance accounted for 35.2%, family planning insurance accounted for 18.7%, unemployment insurance accounted for 27.5%, more than half of the enjoyment of the basic social security rights. Among the employees who have paid social insurance, they are also mainly for old-age and medical insurance. Because the social security is not in place, only from the medical point of view, after the illness with Unit medicine box solution accounted for 8.8%, personal medicine and out-of-pocket to the hospital respectively accounted for 56.5% and 45.6%, only 21.6% of the people through medical insurance solution. 24.3% of people choose to endure, as far as possible not to see a doctor.　　The lack of social security increases the risk of personal, corporate and social stability. 4. High fluidity of work. Statistics show that the catering industry's new generation of migrant workers did not change the work of only 36.3%, changed once to five jobs accounted for 60.8%, 0.8% of the people even changed more than 10 times. 11.2% of the people engaged in the catering industry as a temporary transition, 40% of people engaged in food and beverage work in less than a year, to five years and above only 14.8%.　　Catering industry than the high rate of staff turnover, but also make it difficult for employees to better integrate into the enterprise, lack of long-term development of the company's attention and enthusiasm. 5. Lack of awareness of trade union organizations. The new generation of migrant workers, the trade union organizations to understand more than 12.5%, understand some of the 42.4%, said not to understand accounted for 42.9%. 25.1% of them are trade unionists, and 6.1% say they do not want to join the union, which accounts for 29.6% of the membership. In the survey"Know what laws and regulations", knowing that the trade union law has the fewest numbers, only 11.2%. These statistics are from a certain scale or well-known enterprises.　　This shows that the majority of catering enterprises in the new generation of migrant workers, through the trade union organizations to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests are still relatively weak. 6. Full of confusion about integration into the city. In the questionnaire survey "city people attitude towards them", 49.6% of the people think that most of the more objective, equal treatment, only 14.1% of people think that they are despised and excluded. Still, in the answer to "the difficulties of integration", 42.1% of people think that there is no sense of belonging, 44.8% think the opportunity is unequal, and 24% think their efforts are not recognized. After working in the city for some time, the difficulty of life gradually emerges with the increase of age. There are 23.7% of people who think that there will be no big changes in the next few years, and that 8.5% of people don't see any hope. This shows that, although the new generation of migrant workers on the road to urbanization, but it is difficult to join the city of equal mentality of competition, in a longer period of time difficult to integrate into the city from the heart.　　Therefore, some of the new generation of migrant workers to the image of their own "farming drift."　　The cause and development trend of the new generation peasant workers in the process of the dual social structure, by individuals, enterprises, society and other factors, so that their career choice, work, life and spiritual and cultural needs, such as the present situation, experienced a difficult course. From the perspective of the individual, faced with the urgent desire to become urban people and their own lack of conditions of the contradictions. According to statistics, the catering industry in the new generation of migrant workers, 57.6% of people do not have their own name of the contract responsibility, 31.2% of the people do not farm. 68.8% of people, although some farm work, but very few qualified for agricultural labor, 12.3% of people with their parents in the city grew up to participate in work, 81.1% are not only children, but also to bear a certain financial support for the family.　　The vast majority of them have been unwilling or unable to farm at home and working in cities is the only means of life. On the other hand, they lack the support of urban connections, lack of basic rights awareness, lack of the conditions for further education. For example, 37.3% of the people think that their lack of conditions is one of the difficulties of integration into the city; in the absence of labor contract employees, 33% of the people are not willing to sign, and even signed labor contracts are also some individuals do not want to sign, and 29% of the people did not think of the signing of the labor contract, there are 46.7% People do not know how to deal with social insurance; 21.3% chose to "endure", while 19.2% chose to "quit work for another job"; In the leisure time, 53.3% of the people chose to "watch TV", 49.3% chose "Rest", 28.8% Choose "Do housework", only 20.3% of people choose "Business Study". Long working hours, so that they do not have the time and energy to further study, even to "job-hopping" to pursue a better job treatment, it is difficult to enter the other areas of higher labor skills requirements. Because clothingThe national conditions of "eating young rice", as the age increases, the problem of survival and development gradually emerges, and worries about the future make them more and more anxious and uneasy.　　In particular, the new generation of migrant workers, which accounts for 8.5% of the "Hope for the Future", lurks a destabilizing factor. From the enterprise level, facing the contradiction of stabilizing the workforce and reflecting the employee's benefit. The rapid development of catering industry is urgent to the demand of the high skilled talents, but also needs the relative stability of the staff, but the enterprise is not enough in this aspect: first, the shortage of skills training, especially the legal training of the workers ' rights and interests. The survey showed that enterprises without training accounted for 22.1% of the annual training less than a week accounted for 23.2%, training week to two weeks accounted for 29.6%, two weeks or more accounted for 24.3%. Even training is mainly professional skills and business regulations. For the sake of their own interests, the enterprise has little training in laws and regulations involving workers ' rights and interests. As a result, some employees are unaware of the need to sign labor contracts, do not know how to pay social insurance and what social insurance companies have paid for themselves.　　For example, in addition to saying that they do not want to sign the labor contract, there are 8.3% of people said "did not think" signed a labor contract, 5.9% of people do not know how to deal with social security. The second is low wages. Statistics show that staff income of 500 yuan below accounted for 2.7%, 500 yuan ~1000 yuan accounted for 34.1%, 1000 yuan ~1500 yuan accounted for 45.6%, 1500 yuan accounted for 15.7%. More than 1500 yuan of income is mainly the chef or management position. Most of the catering industry is only slightly higher than the local minimum wage level, and rely on extra long working time to obtain, actually lower than the minimum wage standards. When asked about the main expenditure of wage income, the following ratios are selected: Food and clothing use 72.5%, rent 33.9%, send money 29.9%, traffic 19.5%, the basic cost of living must be large proportion.　　As a result, 23.5% of the new generation of catering industry migrant workers feel less income, 5.3% of people think too little, 32.3% of the people feel not enough to spend, 6.7% people need home subsidies, only 12.8% of the people said there is surplus. Third, the strict implementation of labor laws and regulations. Statistics show that 26.9% of employees still do not enter into labor contracts with enterprises, and 35.7% of employees do not have any social insurance, which also increases the turnover of employees.　　In short, because most catering enterprises small, scattered, miscellaneous, the catering industry in the new generation of migrant workers in the labor relations appear more vulnerable situation. From the social level, facing the contradiction of speeding up the process of urbanization and lagging social public service system. According to statistics, the catering industry, 77.3% of the new generation of migrant workers in the 21-year-old ~30, married accounted for 27.5%, of which 32% of the spouses are urban hukou. Once married, that is, facing a series of life problems, such as housing, kindergartens and children's schooling. In the housing, their own rental, and people to rent or stay with relatives and friends accounted for 52.8%, even if the income of a bit higher management, once bought a house, immediately become "House slave ", therefore, 21.1% of the people chose to settle in a small city near their hometown, 7.2% of the people settled in towns and cities, 9.6% of them returned to their villages, and only 19% were able to attend childcare, and the rest were taken or brought, or placed at home by parents and relatives;　　No city hukou most can only choose private schools or return to school. Because of the lag of the public service system, the basic living conditions of the new generation peasant workers are not enough to form the peasant workers and the urban population de facto inequality. They want to enjoy the same quality of life as the city people, and they need to work harder than the city, so they are full of anticipation for the Government to solve the problems. I hope to help on the following issues the proportion is: Labor employment 53.3%, Social security 53.3%, vocational skills training 44.8%, housing 42.1%, income distribution 33.6%, supervision employing units to perform labor contract 31.2%, children's admission 27.2%, legal aid 20.5%,　　Realization of democratic rights 15.2%. Some suggestions the status and characteristics of the new peasant workers in catering industry represent the general condition and characteristics of the new generation peasant workers. The new generation peasant workers are the main body of the general competition industry, their survival and development is related to the industry development, social progress and social stability. The difficulties they are facing are difficult to solve by individuals and businesses. As an important profession in the placement of employment, there is the number of jobs, more need to have the quality of employment, otherwise they will only become a passer-by in the city, or stranded cities become unstable factors, the following recommendations: 1. Accelerate the pace of social reform, fundamentally solve the problem of the new generation of migrant workers. The problems arising from the new generation of peasant workers are fundamentally the contradictions of the social management system which is caused by the social dualistic structure lagging behind the rapid development of urbanization.　　In many aspects, such as income distribution, social insurance, employment security, household registration system and education and medical treatment, the new generation of migrant workers and urban residents are not at a starting line. 2. Increase the policy support and supervision of the catering industry. The catering industry as a key industry to adjust the structure of economic development, absorb employment and improve people's living standard, actively promote its healthy development.　　Enterprises that operate norms and actively implement labor laws and regulations are given more policy support in taxation, loans, utilities and credit card consumption. 3. Strengthen the new generation of migrant workers skills training and legal training efforts. Effective integration of the current long training pattern, in the training main body, the catering industry associations at all levels of the leading regulatory industry skills training functions, focus on capital resources, give full play to the role of tertiary institutions and various vocational training institutions, according to regional overall planning, unified training content, to achieve training and employment integration, To enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of catering skills training, in the training costs, the implementation of primary training for migrant workers free of charge, the middle-level training fee, the appropriate fee for advanced training methods; in legal training, relying on independent of the Enterprise training leading mechanism (such as government Labor Department, trade unions, etc.), Strengthening the training of laws and regulations concerning workers ' rights and interests, and as a necessary condition of business operation, the contents of the supervision and examination enterprises are included. 4. Strengthen the construction of the Catering trade union federation. The establishment and full play of trade unions and trade union federations is an effective way to improve the rights of workers in catering industry. One is to strengthen the supervision of catering enterprises, to give trade unions and trade unions more human, financial and material support; second, the catering industry wage consultation as the promotion of wage negotiations, the signing of a collective contract one of the key to vigorously promote; third, strengthen the establishment of labor dispute mediation, psychological guidance mechanism Four is to guide the catering industry to change the concept of employment.