World Architecture Day is approaching, to tell you the most important elements of the building

July 1 is World Architecture Day. Architecture is the basic living conditions of mankind. Architecture provides mankind with safe and comfortable work, learning places and a good living and rest environment. How to make full use of the favorable conditions of the building to create a suitable indoor climate and the coordination of the building's climate effect is a designer's tireless pursuit. Building planning, layout, structure, equipment, water supply, drainage, etc. need to consider the climatic conditions of the building. The climatic conditions in the buildings most affected by precipitation, temperature, light, wind and so on.

The main climatic elements that affect the building
1. Rainfall and snowfall in large areas, the roof slope is generally large, in order to speed up the diarrhea and reduce snow roofs. Yunnan, China Dai, Lahu, Wa, Jingpo bamboo buildings, quite distinctive. Here is a tropical monsoon climate, hot and humid, Zhu Xian more Xieshan-style roof, steep slope, up to 45 ~ 50 °; lower overhead to facilitate ventilation and tide, the indoor fire pond to drive rheumatism. The southeastern coastal areas of Xiamen, Shantou and Taiwan's arcades often extend from the second floor to the sidewalk to the sidewalk, which helps to prevent the pedestrians from rain and shade. Dongshan wind and rain bridge in the junction area of ​​Hunan, Guangxi and Guizhou, as well as the bridge.
In some parts of northwestern China, the weather is arid with few precipitation and flat roofs. Usually only the rafters are covered with straw, rice straw or corn stalks, a layer of mud is applied, and then the soil is dried. Flat on the line.
2. Temperature high temperatures, often thin walls, the room is larger, otherwise the walls thicker, the room smaller. In some places, in order to withstand the cold, the house was built into a semi-underground type. In ancient China, the people of Sushen lived in this house. The Hezhe people lived in the area until the liberation. Some places with high temperatures have also chosen this type of ground prickly heat, such as our high-temperature champion Turpan almost every household has a half basement, is used to cool the summer heat. In northern China, the cave has both winter and summer cool features. In summer, because the cave is buried underground and the soil is a poor conductor of heat, the hot sun can not directly irradiate it. If the cave is 38 ℃ in the cave, the cave has only 25 ℃ at night, Cover quilt to sleep; winter but also played a role in keeping warm, south-facing windows can make the sun filled the room.
3. Light indoor light can kill bacteria or inhibit bacterial development, to meet the needs of human physiology, to improve the micro-room climate. The windows in Turpan are so small that they can avoid hot sun and sandstorms. Dai residential eaves far-reaching, one purpose is to shelter from the rain, the so-called "spit water slipping away," Another purpose is to shade. Where temperatures are low, windows are generally large to adequately receive solar radiation, but windows tend to be double-glazed to avoid the intrusion of cold, such as in northeastern China. Ningxia's "housing side cover" is also to make full use of solar radiation. Light is also one of the factors that affect the direction of the house. In northern and mid-high latitudes, a number of houses are north-south and mid-high latitudes in the southern hemisphere are south-northward. Housing in the equatorial regions is relatively messy, which is related to the north-south movement of the direct sun.
4. Wind Windproof is a major function of the house. In some places, windbreaking is also a priority, especially in areas where the typhoon is raging. Cold winter in our country frequently affects the northwest wind in winter, and the shelter is to avoid the cold. Therefore, a north-facing wall often does not open windows. The courtyard layout is very compact and the door is also open in the southeast corner, such as Beijing Siheyuan.
The wind also affects the direction of the house and the direction of the street. In mountainous and seaside areas, houses face the sea breeze and valley winds. Dali, Yunnan has a song: "Dali there Sambo, the wind is not into the house is the first treasure," Cangshan between Erhai Lake in the summer blowing southwest wind, wind blowing in the winter and spring that the next off the wind, under the wind off the wind speed , An average of 4.2 m / s, up to 10, so sit here west facing the house, as China's residential buildings in a unique landscape. In some hot and humid places, ventilation and cooling become the main problems of housing, modern housing more emphasis on creating a "hallway" for ventilation and summer.

Dongnuanxialiang cave

South and North China buildings have focused on the South building mainly consider ventilation, shade, heat insulation, cooling and other functions;
North buildings mainly consider heating, cold, insulation and other functions;
Northwest buildings in a leading position in the direction of the outer wall, generally do not open the window or less open the window.

China's representative climatic characteristics of the representative buildings
1. Cave cave Because of its easy construction, safety, shielding the wind, rain, and warm in winter and cool in summer, until today is still the majority of rural residents in the Loess Plateau of China's most important form of residence. The reason why the cave has the function of warm winter and cool summer is mainly because the soil is a poor conductor of heat. Therefore, as the depth of the earth's surface increases, the diurnal and seasonal changes of temperature decrease drastically, and the coldest and hottest months appear at the same time.
Most of the loess dwellings in China are Linshan, cliff dwellings built along the river. There is another rather interesting subsidence cave, most of them are digging in the loess plateau, dug into a square pit (patio), and then to four walls dug cave courtyard. Because the rainfall on the Loess Plateau is not too much, the soil is relatively dry. Sinking cave tops and entrances are generally made slightly higher to avoid outside water.

2. Bamboo House South China and Southwest China, the main contradiction to be solved in residential areas is the long summer ventilation and cooling. Dai Bamboo House is a classic. "Yunnan Zhi Lue" said that in the Dai area, "the wet terrain under the heat, because the bamboo floor." This means that the ground is very humid here, the ground steaming, in order to avoid hot and humid, it was built bamboo building.
In addition to the grass outside the roof, the bamboo buildings are mainly made of bamboo (recently, all-wood and brick structures). In the 1980s, I went to Dai Bamboo House in the outskirts of Jinghong, the capital of Xishuangbanna Prefecture. Where the walls and floors are made of bamboo cut into bamboo strips, during the day, a little line of sunlight into the room at night through the cracks visible stars, people walking on the floor flexible. More importantly, the flow of air through the gap, which solved the main problems of tropical houses, ventilation and cooling issues.

3. Wind and rain bridge
"Storm Bridge" also known as the house bridge. The meaning is that in addition to the role of crossing the river, people can also avoid wind and rain here, rest cool, welcome relatives and friends. Rainy Bridge more common in southern China (according to incomplete statistics, the country about 330), especially in Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi and other places Dongzhai most common. The wind and rain bridge itself is adapted to the local climate. First, the South is often storm floods, bridge weight if too light, it is easily washed down by the flood or even washed away; Second, the wind and rain bridge is a wooden bridge, in the constant wet wind and rain, easily wet rot, and wind and rain bridge with roof Rain, to maintain the bridge deck dry, which is very conducive to its protection.

4. Pocket room Pocket room is the most common traditional Manchu northeast China's residential areas, to adapt to China's most severe climate. Generally tied for three, but only the middle (Church House) to open the door to communicate with the outdoors. Bedroom on both sides. In order to improve the heating effect, the housing is generally relatively short and airtight, and in the past there was even an indoor surface below the ground in order to use the floor to keep warm. Home is mainly used in the house on both sides of the stove to heat the stove hearth and the house on both sides of the fire wall and both sides of the bedroom in the Ondang connected. Usually cook, boil water, boil pig food, but also in the burning fire wall and heating kang. To reduce the heat loss of doors and windows, doors and windows are made of double-decker. Exterior of the house with horizontal coarse wood, the outer paste mud, good thermal insulation properties. Mainly by the roof about 40 cm thick (compacted) wood warmth.

5. Yurts and yak tents Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other northwestern arid areas west of Greater Xing'an Mountains in northeastern China can only grow grasses on the ground. Local people mostly live on nomadic soil. In order to adapt to nomadic life, the development of a tent-style houses that are easy to disassemble and carry. The yurt is a cone-shaped yurt, relatively tall with a conical upper part and a cylindrical lower part. This shape can greatly reduce the pressure of winter and spring gale, so that the yurts more stable. Conical top winter can reduce the top of the snow, the summer can speed up the inflow of rain. In summer there is a greater precipitation in the area, but also to dig a small trench around the yurt to avoid the entry of outside water. The top of the package can be opened and closed round holes to arrange the heating and cooking inside the package flue gas.
On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the winter is cold and cool, the tent of the Tibetan herdsmen is called the "yak tent." Tent stitched with black yak felt. Yak tents mounted more simple, with only one internal beam, supported by two columns. As long as the tent fabric spread out, four-yak rope tied to the ground on the ground, penetrate the beams, support columns, a high-necked yak tents built on the neck. Around the tents in winter commonly used turf or frozen cow dung into a dwarf base to avoid the cold wind.

World Architecture Day Origin World Architecture Day: "World Architecture Day" identified as the first Monday in October each year (before 1996 is July 1), June 9, 1985, the International Association of Architects held in San Francisco, USA The 63rd Council. In order to promote the common progress of the construction industry and to thank those who have created living space for human beings, this meeting passed a resolution setting July 1 of each year as "World Architecture Day."
(New Weather Network integrated responsibility editor: Yan Yan)