The product system of the start-up company the first split after the product is combined

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What do these "little minions" need to learn from the products giants such as Tencent and Facebook?

Article | Colin

Since the micro-letter for Tencent lay another beautiful battle, Tencent vice President, Tencent Guangzhou Research and Development department general manager Zhangxiaolong became the domestic it circle of the Reds. Some time ago he answered the question "What is a good user experience?" was reproduced by many peers. In fact, "product manager" has long been one of the most popular topics, from the "position" turned out, the experience of product managers to share has never stopped.

In the recognized technology threshold is getting lower today, want to make products stand out, is undoubtedly more and more difficult. New products always encounter homogeneous competition, so internet entrepreneurs will focus on a star product manager. These people seem to be holding the golden key.

But we want to discuss the product system, that is, through what structure, process to carry out product drive and implementation, or product managers and other product owners to supervise.

In the "Entrepreneurial State" survey of "product systems", the vast majority of entrepreneurs have mentioned that the transition from a lightweight small team to a need to establish a clear product line, increase the number of products, increase team members, and specialize in subdivision is always a point in time, or even a long time, that is entangled in the problem of the product system:

What kind of product mechanism is suitable for your team?

Should the CEO himself be the product manager?

Should the establishment of product system be supplemented by the inheritance of corporate culture?

is the product system of a multinational giant such as Facebook or Google too idealistic?

has numerous product manager's Tencent, in the system what point can draw lessons from?

......

This is a different topic for the company, almost every family in the exploration, almost every family have gone through their own detours. As a result, we have searched for entrepreneurs, some of whom have worked for internet companies, as a pawn in their product systems, some as product managers, and no product manager positions after startups.

From their respective product system, we can sum up the following points:

is to set the new project as the project team, which includes designers, engineers, product owners, spite, or functional divisions, each new product by the entire team line combat, this is a very basic problem. Many companies will create "public resources" such as shared designer teams, shared "code base" or some research and development results that can be developed once and for all.

Different business companies will use different institutional approaches, but only if they are capable of cutting the product. Big companies, such as Facebook, seem to be a whole product, in fact, it is split into small functions, each feature of the segmentation, update is also as a new product, the deployment. These minor updates, big features are easy to border, and the CEO's challenge is to have a clear understanding of the boundaries of these products, as well as the deployment and change of the whole game.

Mobile-era arrival, mobile end of the development of the standard, to do the "mobile" group, or the mobile end of the task to open the distribution? Many startups have been or are facing this question.

Why set up a product system? The three most important purposes are based on "agile development" (an emphasis on the development of the rapid iteration of the segmentation project is the guiding ideology, so that the product rapid iteration, improve product driving force, so that each position of colleagues can drive innovation; the product is split after the combination, so that the whole product more three-dimensional, Business is more connected.

Technology and design of pea pod with double drive

Affected by: Google, Facebook features: Project group form, change "product manager" for "product designer"

Oral: Co-founder Wang Junyu (former Google China front-end engineer)

Google's product system, the main driver of the project is engineers, but Google and the Facebook engineer culture is not the same. Facebook's engineers are very product-minded, users need this, and if they have it, Google engineers do it if they can, even if the project doesn't look particularly reliable. Before the financial crisis, Google had a variety of strange projects around the world, like driverless cars, which began to chop off after 2008, but there were new risks.

Google's each project group has a different collocation, the role of everyone is not as clear as the domestic companies, I have been brought to different projects, and constantly rotate, concurrently with various roles. Only engineers are illiquid, they are the real backbone of the project.

For pea pods, the core competition principle is "well done", so I hope that the innovation drive comes not only from technology, but also from design. In this case, the boundaries between the two are blurred, so we simply merge the two responsibilities into the same person: the product designer. At present, the company has six or seven product designers, they have a certain design background, there are better product decision-making capabilities.

The main person responsible for each project is not assigned, but is naturally formed. Some projects, similar to the success rate of the connection between mobile phone and computer, the product designer can not help too much, naturally have an engineer to be responsible for; some features, such as photo Sync, are considered from the perspective of product design, and product designers are better at leading. We don't have a product manager because we don't want the manager to be considered a superior title.

Product System This thing is very important to us, not only the division of labor of products, but also the structure of the entire company. We want to be a company that combines design and technology, which requires a system guarantee. After the system is introduced slowly, up to more than 20 new projects can be released in about a quarter, including five or six larger projects. Normally I would shoot off some new items or go to another group.

We do not want the division of labor too thin, put everyone in the frame within their own scope, outside things can not touch. Why is everyone's job fair so strict? You're not hiring the person's strength, it's his brain. You can think of different brains as different CPUs, you need to dispatch these CPUs to do the job you specify, and if you limit his brainpower, he loses his ability to judge independently and is a detriment to overall productivity.

However, the premise of this system is to ensure transparency. For example, we are divided into several product lines according to the media, PC-side, Andro, server-side and so on, often have some products need three media to do together. More and more companies, information asymmetry will be more serious, my task is to let everyone understand our main line, in the idea of the time not too divergent, improve the efficiency of internal cooperation.

For example, there is a team now trying to put a bunch of cards on the wall, to tell all the colleagues about the project schedule; We have a weekly plenary meeting to answer all the questions we have asked; the design team will do two design discussions per week, look at the different products of the company, and contribute to the design advice. Our mail is also used very hard, and may try to use a weekly report.

In addition, we do not want to be Google, Tencent this product of many companies, but also want to be Facebook or Twitter, the product line is very clear companies. Before our every project is called "Pea pod xxx", also has the son brand, such as "pea-Pod mobile elf", "Pea-pod Guardian elf", last year we put the back of this together removed, are called "Pea pod", the user is simplified, the company is also simplified, I hope we do not feel that they are doing a separate product. #p # subtitle #e#

Tonight hotel Specials for quick iterations

Affected by: New Egg, Facebook features: Functional department form, front and rear Taiwan rapid linkage

Oral: CEO Dengtianzho (former New egg American business analyst, data Operations product manager)

Our first version of the product online very fast, one months to fix, that period of time is to think of a function immediately on, everyone rushed to the past.

Later found the problem: the hotel behind the order is very complex system, need to build a complete set of electrical business system in a short time, the result system can only support 10 hotels, all of a sudden on the 100, the user opened super slow, all hotels are not out.

I think startups can do anything very quickly on a small scale, but make countless mistakes. There is no good structure, there is no good division of labor, once the business changes, the system can not keep up, and do not know what the problem is. It's a painful phase and everything is urgent and always patching. As I understand it, any performance problem is an architectural problem, and the ability to improve performance will be reversed. We simply put on the brakes, the business I would rather not push, the only one months to fix the first edition of all the errors, with 4 months back.

When we moved the foreground logic backstage, we first realized that the product team needed to be subdivided. So for now we are the architecture:

The software section is called the "Product Implementation Department", a few big heads are product managers: Android, IOS, WP7, WAP these 4 systems are owned by two product managers; Another product manager is responsible for all background CMS systems, which is equivalent to invoicing system, it can determine the company's software capabilities; A Product manager is responsible for user research The last two bits are responsible for interactive design and UI design respectively. Each department can drive new projects, and there is a leader to coordinate them and control the tempo of the product, which is equivalent to the project manager.

This framework is a guarantee of executive power, to ensure the overall efficiency of the shortcut, we grope for 8 months results. Horizontally according to the function or implementation path to points, longitudinal according to the foreground, backstage to points. The core goal of the system is rapid iteration, and each update should be shown to the user. Now that the Internet industry is too demanding for iterations, did you use Twitter three months ago as it is now? People have little reliance on things that are immutable. Internet applications should be like filming the United States, why the fastest to update a weekly set it? Because every broadcast to an episode will be done as soon as possible, in the next set the required elements to fill in.

In addition, we will sell the hotel as a product, called "Commercial product group." My work is equivalent to connecting commercial products and software products, the product system has gone very smoothly, basically I now want something, two weeks later will be able to get, any decision behind a series of changes, but the new idea of the driving point, so the pressure is transferred to the decision here.

Therefore, this system also needs to have a set of values, what is the company should focus on the most efforts to do, to do prioritization. Our standard is: can improve the conversion rate is the first, repair the bug on the app is the second, and then to enhance the user's decision-making and efficiency, improve our operational efficiency, reduce human input, reduce costs and so on. The main decision maker of the project was the project manager, which was built under his leadership, the boss of my new egg. The new egg product system is very complex, the process is very long, I will open more than 20 projects a week, but the speed is very fast, the project will be completed in one months.

The system also has one advantage: it is not easy to be dug away. In fact, my product manager is not a person, but an organization, others dug my people are useless, you dug me one, I immediately cultivate the same. I think the so-called "omnipotent product manager" is a pseudo proposition. I think the system will change in the future, perhaps next month's time to fine-tune.

Avoid bureaucracy in the kitchen

Affected by: Watercress

Features: No product manager, direct division of labor

Oral: CEO Wang Xu (former Watercress product manager)

The "Down Kitchen" is a small team and does not set up the product Manager this post. If the technical, operational, front-end engineers have some new ideas about the product, we have to assess whether it is worthwhile, learning costs are not high we will explore their own, if not learn, perhaps to recruit outside, perhaps some part-time or consultant.

In fact, this is equivalent to other companies to split the function of product managers to everyone, forget title, go directly to what to do.

I have always been the point of view is not the product manager. This position will cause some controversy in the country, especially in some large companies, the product manager sounds like a power to decide what to do or not to do, if the Shegang is set incorrectly, it is easy to form office politics.

Why so many people are yearning to do product manager in watercress? Because the whole team's product awareness is very good, rarely heard "report" two words, often across the level of communication. Watercress Product Manager is more open, any operation and technology can participate in, learn a lot of things, technicians will also teach you how to see some products from the data level problems. As a product manager, you have to convince a group of highly intelligent, product-minded technicians, challenging, and they are well-meaning, and basically don't mind your title.

Amazon is less good and resource-sharing.

Dictation: Lin Chengren (founder of No net, former Amazon American engineer)

Amazon's system of each team is different, but the number is limited, less than two people can form a group, art designers, UI designers, etc. are shared resources. The manager is responsible only for management and process control, and the product may be the product manager or a team leader. I was on a personalized team, there are three or four groups, we often recommend some new algorithms for the point, Amazon encourages us to apply for patents, lawyers directly to help to submit a patent.

Amazon is also a product of the idea of agile development, there is a concept of cloud services. Amazon is also the cloud services, we have some features on the cloud, other teams can call directly, equivalent to providing an interface. The probability of resource reuse can be much higher. But some of China's big companies don't do that, I guess, because people are cheap. #p # subtitle #e#

Poly Sheng Wan

To launch a more "internet" product

Affected by: Okay Yes

Features: The system varies by product, the CEO is equal to or infinitely close to the product owner

Dictation: CEO Yang (former president of the Presidency)

Most advertising companies are driven by services, and they sell what they want, but we want to drive development with technology and products. My product experience is to listen to the East ears, the West listen to an ear, their own after the hit.

The first product is the same as the original good advertising system continued. The development process is relatively barbaric. There was no product manager, then a recruit, I think this position is responsible for interface design, the first thing is to let him before the programmer design ugly interface to replace.

Development of the Second product "Synergy", I understand the responsibility of the Product manager, the task to him, but the product came out, and I think is not the same. He's good at the project schedule, but he hasn't done any online advertising. We did not write MRD (market demand document), because the development team has been formed, imminent, skip the MRD directly to do PRD (product requirements document), but PRD this kind of thing is difficult to understand, finally caused his cognition and I have a bias. Can't blame him, I did more than 10 years of online advertising, I do not know how he can be clear?

Now the original Product manager retained, and I was the most important person responsible for the product, I simply went to sit with the team.

The problem before me was that I didn't intervene enough. As long as the company that wants to make product drive, the boss must become the leader of this product, only the boss can take into account all aspects of operation, business, market, drive the resources inside and outside the company.

In the second half of last year we started the third product "aggregation", dug up Xiao Ai analysis founder Wukai, he is very understanding of the electrical business industry, data mining, but also understand the strategic intent of the product, is a very suitable product manager. I also cured the product process: After the MRD, PRD, to make a demo version, after the Product Management Committee of the audit, start the actual operation, every week to have weekly, every month to have the entire product communication will be.

We also set up the Product Management committee, by including sales and other departments of the executive, product manager with demo to demonstrate, once approved by everyone, after the process, product managers, project managers, responsible for product sales business managers to jointly promote the various departments of resources to give out.

And my role is more like "Assistant product Manager", on the one hand, I will figure out how to use it, and the product manager to discuss each decision, on the other hand, to grasp the balance, advertising companies often because of a large customer appearance and change the original intention. Aggregation of this product is expected to achieve a unified version, not for who customization, so I would also like to remind the Product manager, do not be tempted to know what to invest, which to reject.

In addition, I have a project manager for the product manager. Sometimes product managers take products as creations, pursue perfection, and time always drags on, so our product managers are constantly adding. The project manager does subtraction to get the job done at a certain point in time, telling him to discard unnecessary details.

Safety Bao Guarantee Quality

Affected by: Rising

Split up.

Oral: CEO Majnoon (Zeng was the general manager of the development company)

2000 I went to rising when just an ordinary programmer, in my strong advocacy, set up the first to do user interaction group. My idea is that rising is a consumer products, we must take into account the user's use, so we have less design buttons, and create the little lion, it is still let the advertising company design.

Now the security of the structure of the treasure is very simple, some like late rising: programmers are a large group, design is a large group, is basically about 20 people. I let the product, the development of their two sides cooperate, but each other supervision. I come up with the demand, they are responsible for the function to finish, and then the product side to change the appearance of this thing.

Other internet companies tend to fast response, trial and error, let users to scold, we do enterprise-class products, pay more attention to quality, process control is more stringent. So this structure allows us to better ensure quality, so that the entire flow speed as fast as possible. Our two groups are very interesting, the product group colleagues are very lively, whenever they chat in full swing, programmers there is always silence. #p # subtitle #e#

Facebook product group from scratch to None

Influenced by: Zuckerberg, Silicon Valley engineer culture

Dictation: Wanghuai (former Facebook engineer)

Facebook grew from 150 people to nearly 3200 people, from all the things that everyone could do, to the gradual evolution of the product system, the original largest company value was move fast and break things, and later felt the break Things is a bit exaggerated, only move fast is left.

To admit mistakes, to try and make mistakes quickly, to make mistakes quickly, is one of our core competencies. We weren't influenced by MySpace, but we had a detour when we met Twitter, and it took us about half a year to get it right, and finally agreed: Don't worry too much about what these companies are doing, but it's important to note that the biggest threat lies in startups that we don't know yet. They do creative things, and the speed, the speed of trial and error, the speed of correcting, the big companies will slow down.

As we all know, Silicon Valley engineers themselves are very product, but in 2007, Facebook set up the position of product manager. Engineers think that idea sometimes revolves around themselves, almost immediately thinking about the difficulties of implementation. The reason we need product managers is because they are different from our level of thinking and can think a little farther. In fact, this position also needs to understand technology, in the boot camp will be trained to solve simple bugs.

My role is the Engineer manager, and our small team has three or four projects in parallel, each of whom is either an engineer manager or a product manager to see if he or she is interested in the project. We spent a lot of thinking on our seats, and I was sitting next to the product manager, and maybe two engineers on the left had been hanging out with me recently, and the right couple had been with him first.

The engineer reports to the VP of Technology, and the product manager and the design team report to the chief Product officer. Product managers understand the big picture of the company's products, and I need to take on the management of the engineers. The team typically does not exceed 10 people, because the Silicon Valley side thinks that a manager manages more than 10 people. There is a point outside of him, my lord, although the head of the report is not the same, but we are difficult to split the whole battle.

When I first arrived, the team was rarely loose and the engineer manager was two or three, and when I left, I had more than 800 engineers, about fifty or sixty engineer managers. A small team out of the show can be around a small area, non-stop innovation. The security group started with me alone, most of the time nine people, the last only two, because we have used the mechanism to automatic the problem (automation), which is the most anticipated result: if someone steals things will automatically report to the police, why do you need security?

Facebook often considers strategic goals, the company will set a short-term goal every six months, our team is three months, but there is no strict completion of the target. It takes 3-6 months to complete the project, we usually break it into smaller, if the time is long, it is difficult to control, and you are now used to make this decision depends on the data and reality, three months later is not the same. The premise of rapid iteration is that the plan is short enough, and your plan should be to do what you can imagine, 80% of possible pairs.

When it comes to implementation, we usually set the target of the first month to be more dead. In the project, think about the most important three characteristics of this matter. Take the payment process as an example, the first is to be able to pay the money, the second is the less the better, and then how to adapt to the various ways to pay. The most important thing must be satisfied as soon as possible.

Projects and projects will inevitably border, there will be some confusion. I have always felt that proper confusion was necessary. Like our group will work with other groups, which things are our group to do, which is what they do, this can be negotiated, the results of the merger. Facebook's idea is to share the technology as much as possible, to play with its own things, to concentrate on it, Facebook has a tool group, and we share code base, and if you build one, I'll build it myself, too wasteful.

Here's another feature: Facebook actively encourages employees to change their job, and if a guy stays in my group for eight or nine months, I start thinking about whether he'll get tired of it or even encourage him to switch to another group. Facebook will give you a lot of opportunities if you take the initiative to get to the point where I was an engineer and then an engineer manager.

After returning home, I helped the Chinese company to comb the product idea. Bai's Wang Jianyue (Weibo) is a chat with so many friends, feeling the most receptive to the Silicon Valley model of a CEO, he has been with the pace of Silicon Valley closer, every once in a while will run to communicate.

However, there are many ways in which China and foreign companies are very different.

If you talk to the CEO of China and talk to the product manager, it's strange to find that they don't understand the product as well. Product Manager and engineer coordination is not good, a lot of time do not know what the other party is doing.

The founders will also have a shortage of strategic planning for the company as a whole, and if you don't list plans for the next three months, the company may be in a state of fire. I encourage you to build information vision (vision), prioritize, and advance in time.

Chinese engineers, after all, are not as good as Silicon Valley engineers, and sometimes too focused on KPIs just to accomplish an indicator. In my opinion, Facebook rarely has cold digital indicators.

There is another problem. Chinese companies are more interested in commercial development, so whether your innovation comes from business needs or from the point of view of engineers and product managers? Almost all of those who have made a career in China want to think about how to make money. This makes people afraid to do risky business. Apple was able to revive from the beginning because of the ipod, but it is the iphone, which is unimaginable in the original Apple, because the original Apple is already in a state of maintenance. I think the company should have 20% of the energy to spend on some innovative, controversial products, it may be able to bring your company into another very different state.

After helping people to organize their ideas, I hope that some of my Silicon Valley ideas can inspire them. Wang has a good word to make me happy, he said Facebook's practice I will never copy. I'm glad to hear that. I don't know whether the Chinese team will be able to emulate a product system like Facebook or how much they can learn, which may be related to the Internet environment.

Oral: Tencent Senior Product manager

The organization structure of Tencent is matrix type. The matrix means that products, development, design, operations are in a large department, horizontal is the project, may be a product with 5 development, with the design and other personnel, that is, across the department to form a project team.

New products are generally driven by the product sector, the Ministry of Enterprise Development, some strategic research departments will also be some research and introduction, user research posts will do some user reports. A team might be led by these three people: Product managers, and perhaps a project manager, and a technical department leader. Project Manager This position will also be responsible for coordinating resources among multiple teams.

Does Tencent's success benefit from this set of product systems? I don't think that's entirely true. When the user changes to 100,000, you may have a system and framework for you, and at 1 million you have a system and framework. Tencent's approach may only be suitable for Tencent itself.

But Tencent is doing well, there is a product culture here: I often at work, by our senior executive Vice president, is responsible for the strategic level of a person called the past, asked why the product of this detail is a button rather than a link? In Tencent, your product experience will be challenged by anyone.

Of course this is because pony (Ma Teng) himself is an important product experience division. Company style should be related to the company's boss, such as Ma Yun is very fond of considering the market, Alibaba employees love to discuss strategy.

For example, programmers in most companies hate changes in demand. We have a course called "Dynamic Operation", which is instilled in the engineers, who should look at the user feedback when they are 60%, telling them that they need to continue to improve the optimization, and the programmer will understand the logic.

Many people mentioned the internal competition of Tencent, in fact, we have some misunderstanding, I feel that in the interior, the same product between the competition is not much. All product managers are in one department and often interact with each other. Sometimes you and I do the same thing, and if I don't do it right, I'll change it. Instead, I think the culture of Taobao is different from ours, I and their people often chat, they really are a few teams do the same thing. This is also a cultural difference, Tencent is hoping that everyone is very elegant; Taobao is saying that I fight with you, direct competition.

We also have a dedicated department to do a lot of common tools, to turn some resources into a common platform, for example, you see some products in the end the past is to a library inside.

But Tencent does a lot of products, I also feel that the follow-up stage Tencent in the pace of staff expansion will slow down. Tencent's product manager is very many, I really do not know the number, if the staff has 20,000 people, maybe 10% are product managers. There are so many people, there will be some natural to do some expansion of the business, the original internal will feel that I want to do the same with you, and now we will reflect on whether there are some things I do not do, but let the industrial chain downstream of others to do is right. #p # subtitle #e#

Questionnaire

1. Describe the importance of a start-up company in building its own "product system" (i.e., how the company is driven and executed by products through its architecture and processes).

Lifeline。 --Rui

Let the passion of entrepreneurship no longer fade in the endless internal friction. --Dengtianzho

This is the Herat of what we do.--Wang Junyu

Like blindly Chinese medicine: first put what, after put what actually quite different, and different people can not use the same medicine. --Huang Xiuyuan

Not only can make the product idea realization, but also can obtain the opportunity in time. --Guzhi

Production product system is the company's "production relations", the importance of self-evident. --Chen

2. Whether the three major domestic internet giants, Tencent, Alibaba, Baidu's product system is interested?

Survey Conclusion: 70% people think not interested, at most, Tencent's system expressed curiosity.

Not interested at present. Large companies are bloated and cumbersome and unsuitable for small teams. --Lijiang

Not very interested. The core of the Giants is not necessarily the product system, but strategy and management, I am more interested in the latter. --Wang

Interest in Tencent: Small teams under the big system and continuous innovation. --Dengtianzho

Interested, want to know how to efficiently manage a lot of parallel product lines, and complete the interoperability and overlap between the products. --Guzhi

3. Do you want to dig up the product manager of the three major domestic internet giants?

Most people say it doesn't matter, but Tencent's product managers are more than welcome.

Currently do not want. When the product itself is not very complex, the decision on the product is often associated with the decision of the company, not the general product Manager can be competent. --Lijiang

Can come, do not desire. Large companies are assembly line work-style product flow, responsibility, limited authority. --Rui

will give priority to a more systematic and objective understanding of the full picture of Chinese netizens, or networking with large companies. --Wang

4. Are you interested in the product systems of international giants such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon?

Findings: Most people are interested.

are interested. How to guarantee the continuity of innovation, their own lives. --Dengtianzho

Interested, want to know the similarities and differences in product management of internet giants at home and abroad. --Guzhi

5. What are your qualifications when recruiting a product manager (or product core person)?

Really enjoy what you do, not just a job, or a skill or learning ability that echoes your own vision. --Lijiang

Be able to discover and understand users ' problems in depth, understand the possibilities of technology, and give simple and elegant solutions. --Wang Junyu

Thinking and own more consistent, not only to control the general direction, but also focus on small details. --Huang Xiuyuan

Love products, love to try a variety of products, the product has a sensitive "touch." --Lin Chengren

6. Please describe your relationship with your product manager (or product core owner) in one sentence.

I listened to him. --Rui

Eyes and hands. --Tian Zhuo

Me with myself. --Wang

The product manager is the CEO who has limited decision-making power. --Chen

7. In your opinion, what is the advantage or disadvantage of the product manager to venture out?

Advantage is the ability to quickly make the product a core driving force, the way to consider the problem more rational, more sense of rhythm and direction. Disadvantage is stubborn in the past product experience, vision limitations will be behind closed doors. --Lijiang

The advantage is that the product manager in a big company is the closest to the CEO, and the other people can't make up for it. Disadvantage is difficult to form a professional field of accumulation, only by intuition not yet. --Wang Junyu

Advantage is a sense of propriety. The disadvantage is that early in the start-up this guy barely output productivity, especially the "Chinese-style" product Manager (no code, no drawing). --Wang

The advantage is that it is easier to quickly launch product prototypes into the market to test and quickly revise in the start-up period. The disadvantage is that once you get through the start-up period, you need a comprehensive ability to supplement the product. --Chen

8. Can you recommend some reading materials about how startups do their products, or how to build their own product system? such as books, blogs, etc. (please be selfless to share).

Allen Cooper related Interactive design book.

Don T make me feel: a basic user experience in product design.

The Facebook Effect: A detailed description of the major product decisions that Facebook made during its initial start-up.

"Positioning": the classic marketing books, products from the beginning need to find their own positioning in the market.

"Lean Startup": It's great to think about how product ideas turn into mature products.

Several referees have their own blogs--sharing good content on a regular basis.

9. Will there be any deliberate management measures to retain the company's product manager (or other product owner)?

Greater autonomy, but in line with the company's development strategy. --Lijiang

!—— Rui with options

Enough sense of honor and fulfillment, encourage more communication with the outside world, and make propaganda on behalf of the company. --Dengtianzho

Will, but not deliberately. We're all in stock anyway.

--Lin Chengren